How do contextual antonyms differ from ordinary antonyms? What are antonyms and examples of their enrichment of the Russian language Contextual antonymy
Not all words have antonyms . polysemantic a word can have many meanings one antonym: big-small squad, big-small children, etc. or different to individual values: light-heavy (suitcase), light-strong (wind), light-heavy (gait), light-rough (touch), etc. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between antonyms as a phenomenon of the language system and contextual antonyms.
By semantic essence(the nature of opposition) the following groups of antonyms are distinguished:
denoting opposite qualities, states- adjective, being, adverb (beautiful - ugly, stupid-smart, youth-old age, slow-fast);
denoting oppositely directed actions, properties, signs- verb, substantive, adjective, adverbs, prepositions: warm up-get colder, scold-praise, start-finish, defensive-offensive, forward-backward, in-out, etc.
By structure antonyms (related to one part of speech) are divided into:
heteroroot (die-come to life, good-evil, punishment-encouragement, fun-sad);
single root(when opposite meanings are created by prefixes, sometimes suffixes): action-reaction, friend-enemy, mediocre-gifted, business-idleness, sunset-sunrise
Antonyms are widely used in artistic speech to express antitheses ( stylistic turn in which sharply contrasting concepts are opposed): All this would be funny if it weren’t so sad. (L.) The beginning is not expensive, but the end is laudable, softly laying, but sleeping hard
Sometimes a couple of words enter into antonymous relations only in this text - these are the author's antonyms: They agreed. Wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (p.)
The combination in artistic speech in one phrase or sentence of words that are incompatible in meaning and related to each other by a subordinating dependence is called oxymoron (oxymoron) (GreekO xymoron - "witty-stupid"): a living corpse, dead souls, distant close, sinister darkness shone on us (Ahm.)
15. What are contextual synonyms and antonyms?
Contextual synonyms and antonyms are individual, author's in nature.
1. In the context, the semantic differences of words that are close in meaning are often erased (the so-called value neutralization), and while synonyms can be used words that do not belong to the same synonymous series in the lexical system of the language. Such words are called contextual(situational, occasional, author's) synonyms. For example, in phrases talk (murmur) waves,noise (rustle, rustle, whisper ) foliage.
For their convergence, only conceptual correlation is sufficient, i.e. associated with something in our minds. So, girl can be called baby, beauty, laughter, capricious, coquette . Both species and generic names can be interchangeable in speech: dog, lapdog, bug.
However, such synonymy is limited by the context and is not reproduced outside of it. That's why they got the name occasional(from lat. occasionalis- random) - eg. Dragonfly, montecarlics (M.), chilosophy, stihokraft M.G.) bug-breeding, ober-admirer (S.Shch).
2. The same happens with antonyms.
Contextual antonyms - these are words contrasted in a certain context. For example, wolves and sheep, one year - the whole life, sunlight - moonlight.
However, taken isolated from the artistic context these words in the language system Not reproduced as antonyms.
They agreed .
Wave Andstone ,
Poetry And prose , ice And flame
Not so different .
First, mutual differences
They each other were bored;...
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
What are paronyms?
Paronyms- words that are similar in sound and structure, but have a different meaning (from Greekpara - near And onyma - Name). Usually paronyms are words formed from the same root with different affixes(suffixes, prefixes, etc.). For example: to put on - to put on; special - special, present - provide, economical - economical - economic, satisfying - satisfying and others. It is quite easy to distinguish paronyms in phrases by their synonymic correspondences. which usually differ in value.
For example, a thrifty host = a thrifty host
economic casting method = economical casting method
economic crisis = economic crisis
From the phenomenon paronymy should be distinguished paronomasia, those. stylistic device, which consists in the intentional convergence of words that are similar in sound and structure. For example, A.S. Griboyedov in "Woe from Wit":Serve would be glad- serve sickening.
Antonyms are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “false”, “good” - “evil”, “speak” - “keep silent” (i.e. words with opposite meanings).
Linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor, loud - quiet, day-night).
Contextual (speech) are words that enter into antonymous relations only in a certain context: Sing better with a goldfinch than with a nightingale. Some words can enter into antonymic relations only in a certain context, not being linguistic antonyms, not being recognized as words with the opposite meaning outside this context. Such antonyms are called contextual, for example: And we hate and we love by chance, / Without sacrificing anything to either anger or love. / And some kind of secret cold reigns in the soul, / When the fire boils in the blood (Lerm.); the underlined words outside the given context are not antonyms: the word love has the antonym hate, the word heat has the antonym cold; the words hate and love from the first cited line are linguistic antonyms. The writer can identify opposite qualities in various concepts and, on this basis, contrast them in speech, for example: not a mother, but a daughter; sunlight - moonlight; one year is the whole life. However, the words that name such concepts are not antonyms, since their opposition is not reproduced in the language, it is occasional.
The use of antonyms makes speech more vivid and expressive. Antonyms are used in colloquial and artistic speech, in many proverbs and sayings, in the titles of many literary works.
One of the stylistic figures is built on a sharp opposition of antonyms - antithesis (opposition) - a characteristic by comparing two opposite phenomena or signs: Long live the sun, let the darkness hide! (A.S. Pushkin). The winged expressions of the classics of world and Russian literature are also often built on antonymy: He who does not know foreign languages has no idea about his own (I.V. Goethe); Houses are new, but prejudices are old (A. Griboyedov); And we hate, and we love by chance (M. Lermontov). Writers often build titles of works using this technique: “War and Peace” (L.N. Tolstoy), “Fathers and Sons” (I.S. Turgenev), “Thick and Thin” (A.P. Chekhov), etc. (I'm stupid, and you're smart. Alive, and I'm dumbfounded by M. I. Tsvetaeva) or in the title ("Thick and Thin" by A. P. Chekhov, "The Living and the Dead" by K. M. Simonov).
Another stylistic device, which is based on a comparison of antonymic meanings, is an oxymoron, or oxymoron (gr. oxymoron - lit. witty-stupid) - a figure of speech in which logically incompatible concepts are combined: a living corpse, dead souls, ringing silence. More examples: The Beginning of the End" (article title), "Bad Good Man" (movie title), In the midst of a period of stagnation ... (from gas.), Big little things, Expensive cheapness, Inconvenient amenities.
Antonyms are used in artistic speech, in journalism as an expressive means of creating contrast. Most often, antonyms are found as part of antitheses in poetic works. For example: Long live the sun! Let the darkness hide!
Publicists often turn to antithesis (There are no intermediate tones, pale colors in war, everything is brought to the end - great and despicable, black and white. - Ehrenburg). The use of antonyms gives journalistic speech a vivid expression. In the newspapers, you can find such expressions: “Children, voluntarily or involuntarily, but have already received psychological trauma”, “It is bought by both the rich and the poor, both young and old”, “But isn’t this the calm before the storm?”, “In case victory or defeat…”, “Today-tomorrow, morning-evening”, etc. There are also many contextual antonyms: “mandatory exams and electives”, “work in hot pursuit - cover up traces”, “people should be creators, not slaves”, “pretend to be a monster - wear a scarlet flower on their chest”, “unsuccessfully searched - succeeded find".
Antonyms are recorded in special dictionaries - dictionaries of antonyms
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. You often hear arguments about this, but you don't have to be a philologist to understand that learning Russian is a real feat.
Especially given the presence of a large number of words that are comparable in meaning, but often completely different in spelling (). Or, conversely, different in meaning, but identical in spelling (). But there are still words that are the same in sound, but differ in spelling ().
In this regard, it only remains for us to find out what antonyms are, what role they play in the Russian language, and whether we can do without them, in principle.
Looking ahead, I’ll say that without them, the lexical beauty of the Russian language would have suffered significant damage. To understand this, it’s enough to turn to our classics, who often used this technique in their work.
What is an antonym
In short, this is the opposite of synonyms (different words denoting approximately the same thing, such as “cheerful - joyful”, “traveler - traveler”). In the case of an antonym, the definition will sound like this:
these are the words that have opposite meanings(opposed to each other), but necessarily belonging to the same part of speech. For example, "day - night", "bright - dark", "go - stand", "cold - warm".
The word itself is a derivative of the ancient Greek words ἀντί meaning "against" and ὄνομα meaning "name":
It turns out that antonyms are most often two words (lexical oppositions), belonging to the same part of speech, which can be:
Numerals, pronouns and proper names, as well as words related to different parts of speech, do not have antonyms. There are many words in Russian that cannot be contrasted, but in this case it can be found in a figurative sense.
Please note that the figurative meaning of the same word may differ in different contexts.
For example, we can say about an animal of different ages “old” and “young” (wolf, goose, ram), but we cannot characterize a car, machine, sofa in the same way. They can also be old, but there is no such expression as a “young” car (sofa, machine). In this case, another antonym would be better - "new".
And there are a sufficient number of such examples, therefore, to explain in a nutshell what this is will not work (as well as about synonyms, paronyms and homonyms). I'm not talking about foreigners - for them it is a direct path to the "yellow house".
Varieties of antonyms, on what grounds they are divided
Speaking about the varieties of autonomous entities, we can distinguish:
Now let's consolidate the learned material by watching a short video on the topic without missing anything interesting:
Examples of various antonyms
The lexical set of the Russian language is so rich that foreigners do not have enough time to figure out what synonyms, antonyms and homonyms are. Native speakers in this regard are incomparably easier.
There are the following varieties of antonymic words and expressions:
Obviously, without these lexical embellishments, our language would be boring and uninteresting. Without them, how could you describe a person who has the complete opposite of another personality or convey experiences and feelings.
Thus, several concepts can be contrasted at once, as in the example “love good and hate evil”.
Antonyms in Russian proverbs
You can talk a lot about how useful antonyms are, and how difficult it is without them, but it's better to consider examples. In this regard, Russian proverbs and sayings will well illustrate the material.
Everyone, for example, understands the meaning of the proverb, which says that "the sleigh must be prepared in the summer, and the cart in the winter." Antonyms enhance the effect. Each of us knows that “a well-fed hungry one is not a friend”, “the morning is wiser than the evening”, but “in the bins of a bad owner it is either thick or empty.”
Sometimes the opposite is indicated by whole phrases. For example, about a rich person, you can say that "he has money - chickens do not peck", but a poor person has it - "like a cat cried." You can also “keep your eyes open”, or you can “count the crow”, “live with your hump” or “sit on someone else's neck”.
The Russian language is truly rich, and you won’t envy those who have to learn it “from scratch”, because how to explain to a foreigner what “seven spans in the forehead” is and how the expression “without a king in the head” differs.
And in conclusion, check how correctly you have learned the material and understood what the antonym is:
Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site
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What are contextual antonyms? What are examples of contextual antonyms?
Contact antonyms are only those that have the meaning of antonyms in a sentence, a text in general. To understand what it is, I will give the most popular example: wolves and sheep. Individually, these words mean nothing. But if they are used together in a story, then they will have the meaning of opposite animals (like hunter and prey).
For starters, antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have the opposite meaning. Contextual antonyms have an opposite meaning only within the framework of this text, outside this text they can be unrelated.
Contextual antonyms are words that are perceived as antonyms only in a certain context. Examples include contextual antonyms such as sunshine and moonlight or wolves and sheep.
Contextual antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning only in a certain context (hence the name). For example: not a mother, but a daughter, Wolves and Sheep is the title of the play; I am a king - I am a slave;
Contextual antonyms are words that are antonyms only in a given context. I can give an example like this: get into the milk, get into the bull's-eye. Blue collars, white collars. There were many guests at the party: Ivan Ivanovich, an important bird, sat at the table, Andryushka, a small bird, hovered at the door.
Antonyms are words that belong to the same part of speech but have the opposite meaning. For example: day and night, heat and cold, heavy and light, smart and stupid.
And contextual antonyms are words that become antonyms only in a certain context. In the language, however, their polarity is not fixed and is generated only by the author's intention. For example: talents and admirers, sheep and wolves, the light of the moon and the light of the sun, the mind and heart, the shepherd and the flock.
The author, when writing a text, can himself contrast the words in meaning. In this text, these will be contextual antonyms. That is, in a certain text, antonyms, in another text, these words do not have the opposite meaning.
So, for example, moonlight is sunlight, a flower is a stone.
As the name implies, contextual (contextual) antonyms only in a certain context. Otherwise, these words or concepts are not antonyms, they may not be related at all. For example, an apple and milk. It's just so unclear why on earth these words can be antonyms. However, if we are talking about them as a goal, then the concept of hitting the bull's-eye (on the target) is the antonym of the concept of hitting the milk (missing), respectively, and the words apple-milk will be contextual antonyms in this case.
Antonyms are like day and night, learning is light and ignorance is darkness, words that are opposite in meaning.
Context is a piece of text, which means that antonyms will be those words that have the opposite meaning in this piece of text.
Antonyms in Russian are words of one part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning. As for contextual (contextual) antonyms, they (words and combinations of words) are antonyms only in this context (that is, surrounded by other words). If these words are taken out of context, then antonymic relations will no longer be seen.
Contextual antonyms can be either one or different parts of speech, differ stylistically.
An example of contextual antonyms is the title of one of the plays by Alexander Ostrovsky Wolves and sheep.
An example from a poem by Marina Tsvetaeva
Another example
The contextual antonyms here are mind-faith, head-heart, matter-spirit.
Antonyms are words that are different in sound and have opposite meanings: lie - truth, evil - good, silence - speak. Examples of antonyms show that they refer to the same part of speech.
Antonymy in Russian is presented much narrower than synonymy. This is explained by the fact that only words that are related in terms of quality (good - bad, native - alien, smart - stupid, thick - rare, high - low), temporal (day - night, early - late), quantitative (single - multiple, many - few), spatial (spacious - cramped, large - small, wide - narrow, high - low) features.
There are antonymic pairs denoting the names of states, actions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: rejoice - grieve, cry - laugh.
Types and examples of antonyms in Russian
According to the structure, antonyms are divided into heterogeneous (morning - evening) and single-root (enter - exit). The opposite of the meaning of single-root antonyms is caused by prefixes. However, it should be remembered that the addition to adverbs and prefixes without-, Not- in most cases, it gives them the value of a weakened opposite (high - low), so the contrast of their values \u200b\u200bis turned out to be "muffled" (low - this does not mean "low"). Based on this, not all prefix formations can be attributed to antonyms, but only those that are the extreme points of the lexical paradigm: strong - powerless, harmful - harmless, successful - unsuccessful.
Antonyms, as well as synonyms, are in close connection with polysemy: empty - serious (conversation); empty - full (cup); empty - expressive (look); empty - meaningful (story). Examples of antonyms show that different meanings of the word "empty" are included in different antonymic pairs. Single-valued words, as well as words with specific meanings (iambic, pencil, desk, notebook, etc.) cannot have antonyms.
Among antonyms, the phenomenon of enantiosemy also exists - this is the development of mutually exclusive, opposite meanings of some polysemantic words: carry (into the room, bring) - carry (out of the room, take away); abandoned (a phrase just said) - abandoned (abandoned, forgotten). The meaning in such cases is specified in the context. Enantiosemy is often the cause of ambiguity in certain expressions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: he listened to the report; the director looked through these lines.
Contextual antonyms are words that are opposed in a specific context: moonlight - sunlight; not a mother, but a daughter; one day - the whole life; wolves are sheep. The polarity of the meanings of such words in the language is not fixed, and their opposition is an individual decision of the author. The writer in such cases reveals the opposite qualities of various concepts and contrasts them in speech. However, these pairs of words are not antonyms.
