Vice Admiral Alexander Moiseev was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Fleet Command represented by Vice Admiral

GUARDING THE BORDERS OF THE MOTHERLAND Vice-Admiral P. N. Medvedev, member of the Military Council, head of the political department of the Red Banner Black Sea Fleet. The book “Malaya Zemlya”, which contains an analysis of the invaluable combat experience and experience in party political work over the years

VICE ADMIRAL

See Flagships.

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what VICE ADMIRAL is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• VICE ADMIRAL
  (from vice... and admiral), military rank in the Navy. Corresponds to a lieutenant general in the army. Introduced in Russia by Peter I in 1699, ...
• VICE ADMIRAL
  cm. …
• VICE ADMIRAL
  a rank between rear admiral and admiral, as well as the person holding this rank. v(c)tse-admiral - relating to vice admiral, ...
• VICE ADMIRAL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  a, m., shower. A rank between rear admiral and admiral, as well as the person holding this rank. V(c)tse-admiral - relating to vice admiral, ...
• VICE ADMIRAL
  vice-admiral, vice-admiral, vice-admiral, vice-admiral, vice-admiral, vice-admiral, vice-admiral, vice-admiral tse-admira"la, vice-admira"lov, vice-admira"lom, vice-admira"lami, vice-admira"le, ...
• VICE ADMIRAL
  m. 1) Military rank of senior command personnel in the navies. 2) A person who has such...
• VICE ADMIRAL
  Vice Admiral, ...
• VICE ADMIRAL
  Vice Admiral...
• VICE ADMIRAL in the Spelling Dictionary:
  Vice Admiral, ...
• VICE ADMIRAL in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  ! second admiral rank or rank in the navy, equal to the rank of lieutenant general in the ground forces vice admiral second admiral rank or rank ...
• VICE ADMIRAL in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  vice admiral m. 1) Military rank of senior command personnel in the navies. 2) A person who has such...
• VICE ADMIRAL in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  m. 1. The military rank of senior command personnel in the navies, average between rear admiral and admiral. 2. A person who has such...
• VICE ADMIRAL in the Bolshoi Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language:
  m. 1. Military rank of senior command personnel in the navies, corresponding to the combined arms rank of lieutenant general. 2. A person who has such...
• ADMIRAL in the One-Volume Large Legal Dictionary:
  (Gol. admiraal, from Arab. amir al bahr - lord of the sea) - military rank (rank) in the navy. in Russia …
• ADMIRAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  (Gol. admiraal from Arab. amir al bahr - lord of the sea) - military rank (rank) in the Navy. In Russia …
• VICE in Statements of famous people:
  
• VICE in Aphorisms and clever thoughts:
  PRESIDENT is a title given instead of a salary increase. Evan...
• VICE
  ... (from Lat. vice - instead of in return), a prefix meaning: assistant, deputy in position (for example, ...
• ADMIRAL in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Dutch admiraal from Arabic amir al bahr - lord of the sea), military rank (rank) in the navy. In Russia, admiral...
• VICE... in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (from lat. vice - instead of, in return), part difficult words, corresponding in meaning to the words “deputy”, “assistant” (for example, vice president ...
• VICE V Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
  - the word is no longer used independently, but only standing in conjunction with other words. Derived from the Latin vices = "duties". Therefore vicesrex,...
• VICE
  
• ADMIRAL in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  m. general of the fleet rear admiral, major general vice admiral, lieutenant general admiral or full admiral, general from -. Day butterfly atalanta, black, with scarlet...
• VICE- in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  [from Latin vice instead of, like] the first part of compound words meaning assistant, deputy for the position named in the second part of the word...
• VICE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from the Latin vice - instead of, in return), part of complex words meaning: assistant, deputy in position (for example, ...
• ADMIRAL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  m. general of the fleet rear admiral, major general vice admiral, lieutenant general admiral or full admiral, general from -. Atalanta day butterfly, black, with…
• VICE-... in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  First component compound words with the meaning “assistant, deputy for the position named in the second part of the word”, for example: vice-governor, vice-president. ||Wed. ...
• ADMIRAL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  a, m., shower. 1. The highest military rank of command personnel of the naval forces, as well as the person holding this rank. A. Navy (highest...
• ADMIRAL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -a, m. The rank or rank of the highest command personnel of the naval forces, as well as the person holding this rank or rank. A. …
• VICE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  -... (official). The first part of complex words with meaning. assistant, deputy for the position named in the second part of the word, for example. Vice Governor, Vice Consul, ...
• VICE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary.
• ADMIRAL
  ADMIRAL (Gol. admiraal, from Arab. amir al bahr - lord of the sea), military rank (rank) in the naval. fleets. In Russia …
• ADMIRAL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ADMIRAL, butterfly fam. nymphalids The wingspan is 5-6 cm. The color is variegated. On forest edges, in parks and gardens of Eurasia. Caterpillars...
• VICE in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? a word that is no longer used independently, but only standing in conjunction with other words. Derived from the Latin vices = "duties". ...
• ADMIRAL in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  admira"l, admiral"ly, admira"la, admira"lov, admira"lu, admira"lam, admira"la, admira"lov, admira"lom,admira"lami,admira"le, ...
• VICE-
  Corresponds in meaning to the words ‘assistant’, ‘deputy’ (according to the position named in the second part of the word): vice-president, vice-governor. Etymology: From Latin vice...
• ADMIRAL in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  -a, m. Military rank of the highest command staff of the navy, as well as the person holding this rank. We returned to the corvette as...
• ADMIRAL in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
  Military...
• VICE-
  (lat. vice in return, instead of) a prefix corresponding in meaning to the words deputy: , assistant, for example, ...
• ADMIRAL in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (Gol. admiraal Arabic) 1) military rank or rank (having several degrees) of senior officers of the navy; in the navy...
• VICE-
  [prefix corresponding in meaning to the words assistant>, for example, ...
• ADMIRAL in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [Goal. admiraal 1. military rank or rank (having several degrees) of senior officers of the navy; The USSR Navy installed...
• ADMIRAL in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  butterfly, rank, naval commander, ...
• VICE- in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  The first part of compound words that adds meaning: deputy, assistant to the one named in the second part of the word (vice admiral, vice chancellor, vice consul, vice president, vice champion...
• ADMIRAL in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  1. m. 1) Military rank of the highest command staff of the navy. 2) A person holding such a title. 2. m. Day butterfly of the family ...
• VICE- in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  v`itse-... - prefix, written through ...
• ADMIRAL in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  Admiral, ...
• ADMIRAL in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  admiral...
• VICE- in the Spelling Dictionary:
  in'itse- in'itse-... - prefix, written through ...

TEACHER, BEFORE YOUR NAME LET ME KNEEL HUMBLY...

100th anniversary of the birth of Vice Admiral-Engineer, Professor M.A. Dedicated to Krasteleva

- Tell me, Pyotr Denisovich, when do you feel calmer - on the surface or underwater? - asked Zonin. As always, Petro thought for a while and then answered:

- When the chief mechanic is at the central post.

A.I. Zonin, 09.08-10.09.1942, fourth combat campaign of the submarine “L-3”*

The school has done a lot for the educational process, research work and the life of the cadets... If I had to choose a school in my youth, I would have gone to yours. Head of VVMIOLU named after. F.E. Dzerzhinsky Rear Admiral A.T. Kucherov, August 30, 1968,

SVVMIU Guest Book

In the life of the Sevastopol Higher Naval Engineering School (SVVMIU), and now the Sevastopol National University of Nuclear Energy and Industry (SNUYaEP), 2011 is significant, and doubly significant. On December 15, he celebrated 60 years since the day when it began to take shape and, thus, received the right to exist and develop, and on September 19, it marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Mikhail Andronikovich Krastelev, candidate technical sciences, professor, vice-admiral engineer - famous submariner during the Finnish (1939-1940) and Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), recognized scientist, creator and chief in 1956-1971. VVMIU of diving**, later named SVVMIU, founder modern system training of engineering officers for the nuclear submarine fleet.

Mikhail Andronikovich Krastelev. This name today excites the minds and hearts of not only his military comrades and comrades, his friends and subordinates, his students in the navy and school graduates. It is widely known in all fleets and flotillas former USSR both in present-day Russia and in his homeland - in the city of Kamyshin, Volgograd region, in Volgograd itself and in the region. It is known where thousands and thousands of those who love him live and work, who are proud to have fought with him on the same submarine and in the same brigade, and studied with him and under his leadership. We, graduates of SVVMIU of all years, are happy because we studied in the system for training officer-engineers of the nuclear submarine fleet, which was founded by him, exists and continues to develop to this day. His legendary activities in the name of the fleet and for the fleet, to which he gave his life and heart, are for us an example of selfless service to the Motherland. It can be divided into two stages: activity during the war years and activity in the post-war period.

Mikhail Andronikovich became famous and became a legend during the war years and not only among his subordinates and the crews of the submarines “L-3” and “K-52”, where he enjoyed not only great respect, but also love. Deep and extensive knowledge, extensive experience, talent as an organizer and leader, teacher and mentor allowed him not only to ensure that the submarines on which he served and fought carried out all assigned combat missions, but also to repeatedly save crews from imminent death. All this earned him boundless authority in the navy and in naval circles. I highly appreciate the professionalism and organization of mechanical engineer M.A. Krastelev, his role on the submarine was given in his memoirs by the commanders of the L-3 submarines P.D. Grishchenko and “K-52” Hero Soviet Union I.V. Travkin. The famous marine painter A.I. speaks about him sincerely and warmly. Zonin, who participated in the fourth combat campaign of the L-3 and vividly described the moods and characters of the crew members in his book mentioned above. About M.A. The commander of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet during the Great Patriotic War, Admiral V.F., also speaks well of Krastelev in his memoirs. Tributs. A lot has been written about Mikhail Andronikovich by other authors.

There are almost no eyewitnesses and participants in those events of the war years left alive. But, having left us, their voices are still heard - they are in personal letters addressed to each other. Written in the years when the war had died down, when relationships ceased to be built as relationships of subordination, they, these voices, reveal to us the kinship of the souls of these people, the sincerity of relationships, humanity and objective truth.

And in his peaceful life M.A. Krastelev continued to be the bearer of those qualities that allowed him to accomplish the impossible during the war. He was infinitely courageous, confident in his abilities, understood the importance of the decisions he made, and knew how to be responsible for them. He was far from underground intrigues and behind-the-scenes struggles, he was a model of honesty and showed an example of fantastic devotion to his favorite cause - the submarine fleet. It was thanks to the ebullient energy of Vice Admiral-Engineer M.A. Krastelev, his active life position, experience as a front-line soldier, teacher and scientist, he created the Sevastopol VVMIU in the hero city of Sevastopol and on its basis - the most powerful system in the world for training officer-engineers for the nuclear submarine fleet. Over the exceptionally short period of its existence (only 40 years), this higher educational institution has graduated about 11 thousand nuclear specialists. His pets continue to serve with dignity today, protecting the ocean and maritime boundaries Russia.

During the period of the rise and prosperity of the USSR nuclear submarine fleet, more than 80 percent of its mechanical engineers were graduates of SVVMIU. It was they, with their labor, knowledge and skills, regardless of time and difficulties, who ensured the technical readiness and trouble-free navigation of submarines, the exploration of the vast expanses of the World Ocean and the Arctic. Many of them are known throughout the country, among them there are Heroes - Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of Russia. Thousands of them were awarded orders and medals of the USSR and Russia. Among them there are many who, having shown courage and heroism, showing the highest professionalism, fulfilled their military duty to the end. These are officer-engineers of nuclear submarines (NPS) “K-3”, “K-8”, “K-19”, “K-429”, “Komsomolets”, “Kursk” and others. Their names are forever inscribed in the glorious history of the formation and development of the nuclear submarine fleet of the USSR, and now the Russian Federation.

In all this, the role and merits of Vice Admiral Engineer, Professor M.A. are invaluable and great. Krasteleva. Therefore, in peacetime, he covered himself with unfading glory, becoming a legend both among the students of the school and among their teachers and mentors. Today we say with every right: Mikhail Andronikovich is an officer and a citizen who has accomplished two feats in his life - military and civilian! Complex and sometimes tragic fate M.A. Krasteleva cannot leave anyone indifferent who cares about the fleet, science and justice. Therefore, our story is a story about Mikhail Andronikovich, about his life and work, his exploits. Historical justice must triumph.

M.A. Krastelev dreamed of becoming a pilot, but he did not have to become not only a pilot, but also work in his specialty. In June 1934, he was sent to enter the VVMIU named after. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, from which he graduated with honors in 1939 with the title of military technician 1st rank. After graduating from college, Mikhail Andronikovich was appointed to the Baltic as commander of the electromechanical combat unit (BC-5) of the M-75 submarine, on which he sailed until May 1940 and participated in the war with Finland. In May 1940, he was appointed commander of the warhead-5 submarine “L-3”, which was commanded by the now famous submariner and officially not recognized Hero P.D. Grishchenko. Here he became an active participant in the Great Patriotic War.

On the ship, the talent of mechanical engineer M.A. was revealed with particular fullness. Krasteleva. Heading the electromechanical combat unit of the submarine, he greatly contributed to the successful completion of the tasks assigned to it to destroy enemy ships and conduct operations on the sea lanes of the Baltic.

From the first days of assuming the post of commander of the warhead-5 M.A.

Krastelev systematically conducted classes with mechanics, electricians, and bilge operators, preparing them to act in emergency situations. As a result, he managed to prepare a core of all-round craftsmen - reliable combat submarine specialists - for the moment he went to sea. From June 22, 1941 to January 2, 1944, Mikhail Andronikovich participated in all five combat campaigns of the submarine “L-3”. During this period, the submarine sank 18 enemy ships and vessels out of 29 sunk by it during all the years of the war.

A distinctive feature of M.A. Krastelev was that in any emergency he was in front, the first to go to repair the damage. There was not a single military campaign in which Mikhail Andronikovich did not show professionalism, resourcefulness and courage. On June 28, 1941, in the first military campaign together with volunteers, foreman of the group of motorists A.D. Mochalin and bilge Yu.I. Obryvchenko, in the most dangerous conditions for life, being in the aft tank of the main ballast, repaired serious damage to the horizontal rudders. Here we should note the highest modesty of M.A. Krasteleva. He rarely recalled this feat, accomplished under conditions of direct risk to life.

In the second combat campaign of the L-3, when the commander, due to his erroneous actions, ran the submarine aground and could not remove it, M.A. took over control of the ship. Krastelev and refloated it.

In his 1949 autobiography, Mikhail Andronikovich, recalling the war, noted that the most difficult of the military campaigns was the second campaign in 1942, when the L-3 was rammed by an enemy ship. As a result, the periscopes were bent, the periscope stand was undermined, and the navigation bridge was destroyed. Periscopes have turned into mine-repov invaders. The chief mechanic showed creativity and resourcefulness, turning the periscope into a miner-report. The personnel of BC-5 managed to bend the periscopes to the stern, and only thanks to this, “L-3” safely crossed the minefields of the Gulf of Finland and returned to Kronstadt. Remembering this incident, P.D. Grishchenko writes: “Krastelev’s principle of swimming with negative buoyancy has justified itself. We were saved from certain death. If Krastelev had not taken in an additional two tons of water, then “L-3” would not have gone to depth so easily after the ramming strike, and the conning tower along with the commander would have been completely blown overboard.”

Another distinctive feature of M.A. Krastelev was that he approached any problem creatively. The best characteristic of this character trait is the memoirs of the commander of “L-3”: “Now we have seen how right Krastelev was, who began, long before the war and without any instructions, independent and home-made depreciation of the most important instruments and some lamps. Sometimes I also didn’t like the instrument boxes and lamp housings hanging on rubber bands and absurdly swinging. But they survived the bombing! That's when I appreciated the efforts of our restless engineer. It’s a pity that he didn’t have time to finish the work before going to sea.” And this is not the only example.

Mikhail Andronikovich’s creative activity was not limited to the scale of the ship. In the summer of 1943, due to the death of a number of boats in the area of ​​the Porkkala-Udd-Tallinn network fence, M.A. Krastelev together with engineer A.A. Kashin began working on the creation of a mechanical network cutter for submarines. In August 1943, its construction was completed. At the same time, engineer-captain 3rd rank A.P. also completed work on creating the network. Barsukov. By decision of the People's Commissar of the Navy, a commission was created whose task was to build and test the invented machines. For this purpose, the commission left Leningrad for Vladivostok in September 1943, where it worked until January 1944. Unfortunately, it has not yet been possible to establish what the result of the work of this commission is, but here it is important to emphasize the creative nature of Mikhail Andronikovich’s activities. This is also noted by his commander P.D. Grishchenko: “But the one I’ve always managed to protect from new appointments is Mikhail Andronikovich Krastelev. A talented engineer, an excellent combat commander, he seemed irreplaceable to me. ... A person who, like Krastelev, knows how to work creatively, was an example for submarine officers.”

Arriving from Vladivostok, M.A. Krastelev takes command of the warhead-5 submarine “K-52”, on which he sailed until July 1945. On it, he made three military campaigns; during this period, the submarine sank eight enemy warships and vessels. And on this submarine his best qualities and the ability to assume responsibility for steering the ship in critical conditions. Of the K-52 military campaigns, Mikhail Andronikovich considered the first one to be the most difficult - in November 1944, when captain 2nd rank Shulakov E.G. , who commanded the submarine due to the injury of I.V. Travkin, was disorganized when performing the “Urgent Dive” maneuver. As a result of the destruction of fuel tank No. 3, battery group No. 2 and damage to the strength of the pressure hull, the life of the ship was endangered. M.A. Krastelev took control and put the ship on the ground at a depth of 100 m. This made it possible to avoid enemy bombing, gain time, maintain the density of the battery (50% of which was lost!) and fight for the survivability of the submarine.

Of all the positive qualities of an admiral, the most important are the love of learning and the love of teaching and education. This is the third, most important distinctive feature of M.A. Krasteleva. His school graduation certificate states: “During my stay at school, I discovered a special inclination for learning.” In January 1942, P.D. Grishchenko in certification for M.A. Krasteleva wrote: ““Works a lot on himself and with the staff. Sociable.... Loves to teach people.” Mikhail Andronikovich always, in any conditions and in any situations, studied himself and taught his subordinates. M.A.’s knowledge and accumulated experience Krastelev gave generously to people. His love and care for them always showed through “He loves to teach people.” He taught his subordinates, service colleagues, and after leaving the reserve, his work colleagues, and, no matter how strange and difficult it may seem, his commanders and superiors. He taught everywhere and always - both during the hard times of war, and during the years of peaceful construction, and in the conditions of everyday activities, and in the conditions of performing combat missions, and in the conditions of carrying out planned or emergency repairs.

This principle of M.A. Krastelev strictly carried out his activities on the M-75, and on the L-3, and on the K-52, and in all subsequent years of his activities for the benefit and in the name of the country's Navy.

It is important to note that M.A. Krastelev great importance always attached to the practical development of sustainable practical skills, accuracy and error-free actions. In his as yet unpublished book “The Second War,” he describes the instructions given to the senior officers of the warhead-5 during the first combat campaign in June 1941: “. In order for all our departments to work flawlessly, and in case of partial damage to continue to perform their functions with reduced parameters, you yourself and your subordinates must have excellent knowledge of the equipment and keep it in impeccable condition; be distinguished by the ability to use equipment in partial or complete darkness in the compartment. The latter is especially important during an urgent dive, maneuvering in depth and during an emergency ascent. Train your staff patiently, ask questions strictly and fairly. If something is difficult, teach by personal demonstration, prefacing the training with the words “do as I do,” and show and demand repetition until you achieve success, confident and error-free actions.”

The studies continued at sea, in combat conditions. Systematically, in every combat shift of every day of the combat campaign, M.A. Krastelev walked around the submarine and checked the knowledge of the BC-5 personnel in their specialty and service organization. He regularly timed the execution of actions by his subordinates according to a particular command or introductory command, and then, when analyzing the lesson, announced the names of those who achieved the best results. Walking around the boat and training the personnel taught him to always be on alert and skillfully carry out all the necessary actions for any induction. This is how former senior L-3 engine mechanic I.A. spoke about it in December 1973. Sinitsyn in a letter to M.A. Krastelev: “Love for you and your pre-war school - Suvorov’s sayings: “hard in learning - easy in battle” instilled confidence in us and gave us the opportunity to achieve victory in the Great Patriotic War, Mikhail Andronnikovich! You and I have witnessed the unforgivable losses of warships and crews, where the culprits were poor training, and most often, indiscipline.” A month later I.A. Sinitsyn writes: “... under your leadership, everyday pre-war and ongoing during the war combat training, gave us the opportunity to perfectly master the most complex underwater equipment, excellent combat cohesion and coordination, and a high combat culture.” Agree, such a high assessment of subordinates can be earned only in one case - the case of personal highest level of professionalism. And M. A. Krastelev possessed this quality.

The role of M.A. is great. Krastelev both during training of the first mate and commander, and when practicing the organization of actions of the central submarine post. This task is far from simple. The main difficulty lies in overcoming the psychological barriers built by the ship's senior command staff. They are based on authority, high self-esteem and reluctance to admit their mistakes. However, assertiveness, deep understanding of human psychology, high methodological level they allowed him to gradually, but achieve the main thing - to reasonably and competently convince and prompt the commander and first mate of their actions related to ensuring survivability and control of the submarine in a given tactical situation or with the organization of service on the ship, and, therefore, to teach. Teach in the name of the highest goal - achieving victory over the enemy. And in this matter there can be no compromises! And he didn't allow them. A typical example of this is the story of a plug in an underwater latrine that was not tightly closed by the first mate. In this situation, Mikhail Andronikovich’s high integrity, uncompromisingness and self-criticism showed up. For him, only business relationships have priority, not personal ones. To the remark of A.I. Zonina: “...he will nominate you for an award!”, M.A. Krastelev replied: “I am fighting not for awards, but for my MOTHERLAND...”. These character traits were well expressed by A.I. Zonin in his words to Mikhail Andronikovich: “... I am becoming more and more convinced that arguing with you means convincing yourself that you are right.”

Indicative from the point of view of the influence of M.A. Krastelev on the organization of the work of the central post and its development is the story of the ascent of “L-3” on August 18, 1942 at the time of a two-torpedo** salvo on a transport with a displacement of 15,000 tons.

P.D. Grishchenko, carried away by the natural desire to hit the enemy tanker and to break through the second security line, gives the command “Get the devices!” - with a speed of about 2.2 knots and a heavy boat. The boatswain, actively working with horizontal rudders, keeps the ship at periscope depth. Finally, the commander gives the command: “Apparatus, fire!” When the torpedoes came out, the boat surfaced to a depth of 5 m and discovered itself. A minute or two after the torpedoes exploded, depth charges literally rained down on her, which, fortunately, she managed to evade. P.D. Grishchenko accused the mechanic of not keeping the boat at the depth of attack or not taking it away. He believed that M.A. Krastelev had to “...fill everything!” However, the mechanic convinced the commander that “filling everything” means showing your place to the enemy when pumping water overboard. He justified actions in such a situation: “Since a torpedo leaves the apparatus in two seconds, and an empty apparatus is filled with water in six seconds, then in order to stabilize the submersion depth of the boat it is necessary not to take water from overboard into all tanks wherever possible, but approximately five to six seconds before the command “Apparatus, fire!” increase stroke. This will lead to activation of the stern horizontal rudders and, therefore, will make it possible to hold and subsequently move the trim to the bow, and, therefore, maintain a given depth or take the boat to depth.” Then he suggested: ““Work out the organization of the actions of the CPU when using weapons in simple and complex conditions - who, what and how it acts, and especially during torpedo attacks.” The commander accepted the offer, and M.A. Krastelev developed a method for organizing the actions of the central command at the time of a torpedo attack, which was practically tested during exercises during the transition to a given combat area “L-3”. Simultaneously with the development of this technique, to reduce the trim time of the boat after torpedo firing, he built a special table, and to reduce the noise of the submarine, he developed a number of measures to be carried out during its trim.

Efforts of M.A. Krastelev gave considerable results - this includes the trouble-free execution of combat missions at sea, and the ability to honorably overcome the current situation in the event of damage caused by bombing. It was these efforts that allowed him to ensure the sinking of 26 enemy ships and vessels. This is the combat account of the old mechanic, his significant contribution to the Victory. His considerable merit also lies in the fact that the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to V.K. Konovalov - commander of the submarine “L-3”, who replaced P.D. Grishchenko in February 1943, and I.V. Travkin - the commander of the submarine “K-52”, and that the submarine “L-3” became the Guards, and the submarine “K-52” became the Red Banner.

M.A. Krastelev took part in eight combat campaigns of the submarines “L-3” and “K-52”, and in each of them he accomplished his own personal professional feat, while demonstrating deep knowledge of technology, the ability to anticipate possible accidents and breakdowns, resourcefulness and creativity, multiplied by for courage and heroism. That is why P.D. Grishchenko devoted almost a quarter of his book “Battle Under Water” to him. It was these qualities that more than once saved the submarines on which he served from destruction. “I remember the boat accident that you personally eliminated. Your great experience showed there, and you showed yourself to be a real hero. The personnel of your warhead-5 worked perfectly and the fact that we are all alive is entirely your merit, Mikhail, and we sincerely thank you for this and remember your name with honor,” wrote the ship’s doctor of the submarine “K-52” R .AND. Mitsengendler in his letter to M.A. Krastelev in March 1975. And a little earlier, in January of the same year, he wrote: “I must say a big thank you not only to me, but to the entire crew of the submarine, that we are alive and see White light, and we can meet each other. To be honest, it would be fair that on the day of the 30th anniversary of the Victory you received the highest award of the Motherland along with the commander.”

Yes, that would be fair!.. But, unfortunately, during all the years of the Great Patriotic War, not a single mechanical engineer of a submarine was awarded the highest title of the country - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Namely, they prepared ships for going to sea and for carrying out combat missions in the fight against the enemy; they ensured secrecy and all other tactical properties of submarines as a formidable type of weapon. It was they who spared no effort, no time, no energy to ensure that the ship fulfilled its main purpose - to win the battle! It was they, the officially unrecognized Heroes, who bore the brunt of the struggle for the survivability of the ship. But they are the recognized Heroes in the eyes of their colleagues and colleagues, in the eyes of their people. A prominent representative of such Heroes is M.A. Krastelev. It can be said with a high degree of confidence that if the heroic work of mechanical engineers both during the war and in peacetime were so highly valued, we would be able to avoid many of the sacrifices that were made in the past and that may occur in the future.

The war ended, service in the submarine forces continued. But we had to think about the prospects for further growth and application of our strengths and capabilities. What should I do? “Personally, my opinion boils down to the following: based on your experience and character, training and inclinations, you definitely need to work at a school, and you can count on this job...” - this was the advice given by one of my friends in May 1949.

Yes, scientific and pedagogical activities fully corresponded to the character of Mikhail Andronikovich. In January 1950, he entered the adjunct program, and in April 1953 he defended his Ph.D. thesis. Adjunct M.A. Krastelev graduated in June 1953 and was appointed senior lecturer in the survivability department of VVMIOLU named after. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, and in May 1954 he was transferred to the position of senior lecturer at the survivability department of the Second VVMIU (Pushkin, Leningrad region), where a little over a year later he became its boss. It was here that the teacher’s talent was fully demonstrated. In 1954-1-955. at the Second VVMIU under the leadership of M.A. Krastelev developed and, using the so-called economic method, built the first operating training complex in the system of naval educational institutions to combat the survivability of submarines, although no one believed in this idea. This event became significant in the official biography of M.A. Krasteleva. His initiative and talent were appreciated by the command of the USSR Navy. But we will talk about this below. In the meantime, let us briefly characterize the situation in the world and in the country from the point of view of the development of submarine forces.

The Great Patriotic War ended, and the Soviet Union began to restore the national economy destroyed by the war, but the international situation continued to remain tense. Implementation of controlled chain reaction fission of uranium led to the appearance of a submarine equipped with a nuclear power plant (NPP), which made it possible to achieve enormous advantages and significantly increase the combat effectiveness of the ship, many times increasing its cruising range and ensuring almost complete secrecy and surprise of use nuclear weapons. Priority in the creation of nuclear submarines, as well as atomic weapons, belonged to the main potential enemy of that time - the United States. By the end of the 50s of the 20th century, the United States had an undeniable advantage in the creation of the main type of naval weapons - the nuclear submarine fleet and for several years had a monopoly. A threat to the country's security has emerged from ocean directions. As a result, the need arose to improve and develop submarine shipbuilding. The USSR again had to catch up with its potential enemy. Under these conditions, the Soviet Union was forced to intensively develop its Navy.

The post-war accelerated development of the USSR Navy required reform of the system of higher naval education. Therefore, in 1948, in accordance with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers (CoM) of the USSR, new naval schools, including engineering ones, were formed and existing ones were reformed. And the creation of nuclear submarines required the creation of a special system for training specialists in the field of naval nuclear energy. Therefore, three years later, in August 1951, the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to create another school in Sevastopol - the Third Higher Naval Engineering School. It must be emphasized that, when making the decision to open another VVMIU, the government well understood and foresaw the need in the near future to begin training engineering personnel for nuclear submarines. It was during this period that intensive work was carried out on the preliminary design of the first-born nuclear submarine. This is evidenced by the fact that on September 9, 1952, I.V. Stalin signed the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On the design and construction of object 627” - the first Soviet nuclear submarine.

In the conditions of high rates of development of naval nuclear power and the construction of the first nuclear submarine, it was necessary to develop the training system for naval engineering officers at an equally high pace. In this regard, in 1956, at a meeting of heads of organizations participating in the creation of the first nuclear submarine, not only the results of tests of the main power plant ground stand and adopted a number important decisions on the construction of boats, but also the problems of formation and training of crews. Based on the results of the meeting, the General Staff of the Navy in October 1956 issued the first directive on nuclear submarines, which ordered the creation of a special The educational center The Navy to train nuclear officers (and later crews), and begin preparing naval educational institutions to teach courses on the operation of nuclear power plants. The main role in the training of these specialists was given to SVVMIU, at that time VVMIU of scuba diving.

The construction and development of the school had an exceptionally large and important and therefore was under the direct and close attention of the leadership of not only the Navy, but also the USSR Ministry of Defense. So, for example, in order to monitor the progress of construction and formation of the school, as well as to resolve issues related to the deployment of educational work, the Minister of the Navy, Vice Admiral N.G. Kuznetsov visited the school twice - on July 7, 1952 and on July 18, 1953. The new Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy, Fleet Admiral S.G. Gorshkov also monitored the progress of construction and restoration of the educational building, considered issues of accelerating the commissioning of priority laboratory facilities, the start of training cadets in a new specialization, and the transition of the school to a five-year training period. To do this, he visited SVVMIU twice - in 1956 and 1958.

Thus, the high pace of design and construction of the first nuclear submarine required the accelerated completion of the restoration and completion of the educational building of the new higher naval engineering school, focused on training officer engineers for the country’s nuclear submarine fleet. At the same high pace, it was necessary to create and begin to develop a system for training these specialists.

It should be noted that before the entry of M.A. Krastelev, in the position of head of the school, was led by experienced, competent, honored and well-known officers to the fleet - engineer-rear admiral M.V. Korolev. and Rear Admiral Nesterov I.M. Both were participants in the Great Patriotic War, and each of them made a worthy contribution to the creation and construction of the school. But it was extremely difficult for them, the leaders of the newly created school, to achieve the goal set by the government, since they specialized in other areas of naval activity. What was needed here was a leader who was in love with the profession of a submariner, capable of solving such a complex and important state task in the shortest possible time, in the difficult conditions of the collapse of the national economy. In the Navy, only one person could become such a leader - Mikhail Andronikovich Krastelev. And he became one!

The choice of the command of the USSR Navy in 1956 for the post of head of the VVMIU underwater diving was not accidental. M.A. Krastelev is an officer who possessed all the necessary qualities for this. And this was greatly appreciated. He was appointed head of the VVMIU underwater navigation on March 27, 1956, shortly after the physical launch of an experienced ship's submarine took place on March 8 of the same year. nuclear reactor a ground-based prototype of the main power plant of a nuclear submarine, mounted in Obninsk. And soon after his appointment, in August, the first five-year shipbuilding plan was approved, which provided for the construction of 20 nuclear submarines at once, and a directive from the head of naval educational institutions ordered the opening of a new specialization at the school in the operation of submarine nuclear power plants, and the organization of training for mechanical engineers in it. and from October 1956 (!) introduce new academic disciplines.

It should be noted that the Navy command considered SVVMIU not only as a pioneer, but also as the leading educational institution in the country that trains specialists in this profile. This fact indicates that in the current difficult conditions for the development of submarine forces and the emergence of the country’s nuclear submarine fleet, the candidacy of M.A. Krasteleva was the only one capable and the only one worthy of the role of head of such a school. It was he, according to the parting words of Admiral S.G. Kucherova, “... must build a school, in the creation of which everyone working there does not believe.” And Mikhail Andronikovich, thanks to his qualities, not only “built” the school, but also created a system for training officer-engineers of the nuclear submarine fleet! Having assumed the position of head of the school, he was faced with numerous organizational, technical and economic difficulties. But the biggest difficulties were that a difficult moral and psychological situation had developed in the school, caused by the following circumstances: a) the main core teaching staff- these are teachers from VVMIOLU named after. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, many of whom taught M.A. Krastelev before the war and who were transferred to Sevastopol as part of the diesel department, and therefore, as they say, they slept and saw themselves again in Leningrad; b) the teaching staff (teaching staff) did not believe in the creation of the school; c) most of the chiefs and heads of departments did not understand the role and importance of the laboratory base in the training of naval specialists and did not have a clear idea about it in their departments; d) in all special departments of the school, except one, there was practically no laboratory facilities, etc.

It was in the position of head of the school that the famous submariner M.A. Krastelev showed the best qualities of a scientist, teacher, military leader, outstanding talent as an organizer and leader, his enormous authority and abilities, strong-willed qualities, the ability to overcome difficulties of any nature and find appropriate solutions in difficult business conditions. How responsible were you? new boss school to the assigned matter, the letter from A. Ermolaev, written by M.A., gives an answer. Krastelev in July 1957: “I know how busy you are. It is also known that you devote yourself to a task to the end, in my opinion, even too much, to the detriment of your health, but this is a quality of your character and it is unlikely that you can change it. I remember how you worked here, I’m sure that now you work twice as hard.”

Mikhail Andronikovich was a large, significant figure. In his work, relying on a small number of facts of the present day, he boldly extrapolated the development of events for tomorrow and was not mistaken in the main thing. He had an amazing ability to see the future and purposefully walked towards it. To this end, I always lived by the tasks of today, tasks the solution of which was necessary for the daring and courageous mastery of the future. Thanks to these qualities M.A. Krastelev, the school was able in 1958, by the time the first Soviet nuclear submarine “K-3” was accepted into the Navy, to prepare and graduate the first 30 much-needed nuclear specialists for the fleet.

Speaking about the role of M.A. Krastelev in the creation of a school and a system for training officer-engineers, the following should be noted.

1) The share of M.A. Krastelev was tasked with solving a most difficult state task, related not only to the creation in the shortest possible time of the world’s largest and most powerful higher military educational institution, designed to train highly qualified specialists in the field of naval nuclear power, but also the founding of a unique system for training nuclear officers. He completed this task with dignity and honor.

2) The experience and authority of a combat submarine officer materialized in the knowledge, skills and qualities of us, the school’s graduates. His love for the profession of submariner M.A. Krastelev managed to convey this to us, his students. The example of his personal service to the Motherland and the submarine fleet was and is a guiding star for many generations of SVVMIU graduates.

3) Thanks to the ability to convince, captivate, and mobilize his subordinates, M.A. Krastelev managed in the shortest possible time to outline, plan and organize the implementation of work aimed at: a) restoring the destroyed part of the main academic building and designing its completion and construction, as well as preparing and organizing the educational process, and equipping it with the necessary educational and laboratory facilities; b) organizing interaction and cooperation of the school with the fleet and leading research organizations of the country, primarily Moscow and Leningrad (now St. Petersburg); c) the creation at each department of educational laboratories equipped with working models of ship technology, and the orientation of the educational process towards the widespread use of various stands (its principle: “Walls should teach!”), simulators, simulators, ship mechanisms, installations and systems that allow practical solutions private learning tasks; d) strengthening the theoretical training and practical training of school graduates in combating the survivability of submarines, managing them and ship nuclear power plants; e) creating a scientific base and conducting relevant scientific research in the interests of the development and operation of the submarine fleet; f) integration of science and the educational process into unified system naval engineering education; g) introduction of modern, scientifically based methods of research and teaching, in particular, the use of methods of physical and mathematical modeling in scientific research and in the educational process, the use of programmed teaching methods; h) construction of scientific and educational laboratories that ensure the conduct of current scientific research in the interests of the fleet; i) completion of the construction of buildings and structures for educational, service and domestic purposes; j) organizing the training and advanced training of the school’s teaching staff, especially for the training of highly qualified teachers, including through the adjunct program opened in 1956; k) organization of work on the preparation and construction of a residential camp for the permanent staff of the school (the so-called DOS - houses for officers).

As a result, from March 1956 to December 1971, a large volume of diverse work was organized at the school under the leadership of M. A. Krastelev. By the time he was transferred to the reserve, all the necessary educational, scientific, material, technical and everyday infrastructure had been created at SVVMIU. It remained virtually unchanged until the last day of the school’s existence. After 1971, a problematic research laboratory for survivability was built, the need for the creation of which was repeatedly demonstrated by M.A. Krastelev, two barracks, an underground passage, the educational and scientific complex “Bort-70”, created on the basis of the equipment of the nuclear power plant of the submarine and planned under M.A. Krastelev. At the same time, in the summer of 1973, the training station, equipped with a 20-meter diving tower, was liquidated. Of course, it's easier to remove than to level up methodological work, organization and discipline in school!

The persistence of the educational and scientific infrastructure over a long period of time indicates that the teaching methodology created and implemented by M.A. Krastelev, has proven its viability and effectiveness. Its foundation is the educational and scientific base, the orientation of the educational process, both on a high level of theoretical training and on a high level of practical training of cadets, as well as on the activity and creativity of the entire teaching staff of the school, which made it possible to improve the laboratory base and itself educational process during the entire existence of SVVMIU. In M.A. They believed Krastelev, they followed him, and he built a school, in the creation of which everyone working there already believed. He deeply thought out and implemented in SVVMIU the methodological foundations for training and educating future nuclear submarine engineer officers, as well as conducting scientific research in the interests of the fleet. Therefore, the school, educational process and research activities continued to develop and improve on the basis of this methodology even after his transfer to the reserve. As a result, by the mid-80s the school was recognized as the best in the naval education system.

1. M.A. Krastelev laid the foundations of the personnel strategy and the foundation of the future scientific school of SVVMIU. Mikhail Andronikovich knew how to select qualified personnel. The young head of SVVMIU (both in terms of command and age) managed to establish relationships of mutual understanding and trust with experienced officers serving at the school, and to carry out work on the selection of young promising officers. In this area of ​​activity M.A. Krastelev also managed to achieve great success. Having secured the support of the head of naval educational institutions, Admiral S.G. Kucherov, in 1956 he managed to achieve an appointment to teach at the A.A. School. Sarkisov, who had just completed his postgraduate studies and successfully defended his dissertation. This success turned out to be fateful both for the school and for Ashot Arakelovich. In December 1971, A.A. Sarkisov was appointed head of SVVMIU and managed not only to continue, but also to develop the success of M.A. Krastelev, raising the school to highest level in the system of naval educational institutions. A.A. himself Sarkisov, having created a scientific school at the school, became an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation.
2. Mikhail Andronikovich had versatility and breadth of interests and hobbies. He paid great attention to the ethical, aesthetic, cultural and sports education of cadets: optional lectures on ethics and aesthetics were organized, theater groups from Sevastopol and Simferopol, and a symphony orchestra were invited. He attached considerable importance to the arrangement of the territory of the school and residential town in the village of Holland, as well as the leisure of cadets, the permanent staff of the school and their children. A chess club and a tourism club “Horizon” were created, whose team in 1971 became the first champion of the Black Sea Fleet in its first tourism competitions. After the creation of the Department of Maritime Practice in 1960 and the construction of a boat base, boat competitions for the school championship and long-distance boat voyages became regular. In particular, the tradition of multi-day boat trips for graduates, after successfully defending their diplomas, to the Artek pioneer camp was established. Much attention to M.A. Krastelev devoted his attention to the development of sports. For this purpose, school sports competitions were held, school sports teams took part in competitions for the championship of the Black Sea Fleet and naval educational institutions, garrison, city, where they repeatedly won prizes. In 1957, the school's first football team was created.

In 1959, the cadet cafe “Brigantine” was opened; recreational evenings, theme evenings, meetings of interests, etc. were held there. both cadets and the permanent staff of the school. For residents of the village of Holland, a beach was available on the shore of the school. Leisure activities were organized by the established women's committee, which, for example, organized a women's choir. He also paid great attention to children's leisure time. For them, children's playgrounds were equipped in the courtyards, holidays were held, exhibitions of children's works and tourist trips around the Crimea, children's performances were organized, and in 1958 the first pioneer camp was created. Cadets were also involved in this work.

Possessing a literary gift, Mikhail Andronikovich was the initiator of the publication of the literary and artistic magazine “Storm” at the school. Having no musical education, he played music and was the author of a considerable number of musical works based on his own poems and poems famous poets. In particular, he worked a lot and fruitfully with the famous Soviet poet Lev Oshanin, based on poems by M.A. Krastelev wrote the song “Russia”.

As a boss, Mikhail Andronikovich was demanding (primarily of himself), but without being picky, and did not allow himself to shout or insult his subordinates. As a person he was generous, caring, and modest in his work and at home. No one has ever heard from the wartime hero M.A. Krastelev does not say a word about what was done by him and his submariner friends at that terrible time. He spoke about his military merits, for which he had many military awards, only upon request. Kindness and attention to people, the multifaceted assistance provided to them, accessibility, love for their work and high patriotism earned great respect and love for M.A. from the teaching staff and graduates of the school. Krastelev. For them, he was, is and will be an example of fulfilling his duty, responsibility for the assigned work and professionalism. His modesty and approachability were noted in May 1977 in a letter from “a classmate in the cadet cabbage soup” and a “fellow soldier” in the Baltic Sea” A.I. Savenko: “I am sincerely touched and sincerely grateful to you for the attention you showed to me, despite the huge rank distance! Frankly, considerations of subordination kept me from close contacts.”

Having retired to the reserve in December 1971, M.A. Krastelev continued to work hard and fruitfully. He perfectly understood how important it is for a submariner to be highly professionally trained in matters of submarine survivability both during war and peacetime. After all, this is a question of the life of the crew and the boat, a question on which the ship’s ability to fulfill its purpose directly depends - to deliver a crushing blow to the enemy with the goal of destroying him and achieving victory over him. Therefore, M.A. Krastelev devoted himself entirely to his work, as before he worked hard and fruitfully, devoting himself to developing problems of ship survivability and training future submarine officers, fully understanding how important it is to pass on his accumulated vast experience and knowledge to those who come after him, that is, to us - to his pupils. He himself wrote about this in May 1972 to his fellow countryman and classmate at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant: ““...I work with the usual tension. I still can’t do it half-heartedly, just as I couldn’t do it at the factory.” And he notes: “I don’t work for money. I can’t live without work.” His friends supported him in this and comrades in arms. “I’m very happy for you that, as they told me, you continue to work. Your combat experience will still be useful, and, above all, for young people. Although you are “on a well-deserved rest,” as they say now, you cannot rest at the present time: there is no time. Therefore, you are doing the right thing - you continue to work,” Efremov wrote to Mikhail Andronikovich in May 1974. In March 1975, he was echoed by R.I. Mitsengendler: “Mikhail, keep it up! Our youth need your rich combat experience like air.” And the “rich experience” prompted me to direct all my efforts to developing problems of submarine survivability. On this occasion, in January 1973, in a letter to A.G. Uvarov M.A. Krastelev wrote: “What were my personal experiences worth compared to what had to be done to organize research work on survivability in our school, which was in ruins for last years considered himself no less guilty than those who had to deal with it directly.” There was a lot to do. Therefore, on July 20, 1973, M.A. Krastelev turns to the head of the school with a proposal: “SVVMIU can get a submarine compartment made of titanium (V » 350 m3, G » 120 t). It is suitable for research in the field of ship survivability as a multi-purpose experimental compartment in combination with the Bort-70 laboratory. I make a proposal to take the compartment for Department No. 1, which will develop research topics and organize its implementation with the introduction of Bort-70. How right M.A. was. Krastelev, paying such close attention to the issues of training cadets to combat the survivability of a submarine and organizing research work to find a solution to this problem. If these issues had received due attention both before and now, then, hopefully, we would not have to go through the tragedies of the K-429, Komsomolets, Kursk and others submarines. This problem becomes more and more complicated as the complexity of the ship and its technical equipment increases. In the same progression, the urgency of solving problems of ensuring the survivability of a submarine is increasing.

Studying the life and work of M.A. Krastelev, you involuntarily ask yourself the question: “The construction of a school, the creation, constant improvement and development of a system for training engineer officers for nuclear submarines in the conditions of intensive development of the Navy, a system that has retained its highest level to this day, steadily remaining modern - what is this?” The answer to this question is given by the admiral's comrades, colleagues and friends. V. Droblenkov in April 1975 in his letter to M.A. Krastelev wrote about meetings with him and about “... indelible impressions of your personal post-war feat, when you not only built such a wonderful school out of nothing in Sevastopol, but around you grew a school of inquisitive, searching and selflessly working young people, who have now become more than eminent." Former subordinate and combat comrade on the K-52 submarine A.V. Suloev wrote in 1976: “We congratulate you, Mikhail Andronikovich, on the 20th anniversary of the first graduation from the school, for which you did and gave so much that neither Klyuchevsky, nor Solovyov, nor Karamzin can describe it.”

Therefore, answering the above question “What is this?”, we can say only one thing and unequivocally: this is a Feat! Yes, Mikhail Andronikovich accomplished a feat in peacetime, a feat whose name is SVVMIU, a system for training officer-engineers for the USSR nuclear submarine fleet! We, the cadets of the school, speaking about our alma mater, called it nothing other than “SYSTEM”! This indicates a high cadet assessment of M.A.’s activities. Krastelev and once again emphasizes the significance of his peaceful feat. Everything that M.A. achieved Krastelev both during the war and during the peace years - these are his military and peaceful victories. These are two feats - military and peaceful. They were committed in the name of peace and life, in the name of us, his disciples, in the name of those who came after him and who will come after us.

Characteristics of M.A. Krastelev will not be complete without mentioning the Krastelev dynasty of submariners, which includes Mikhail Andronikovich himself, the founder of the dynasty, his son Mikhail Mikhailovich Krastelev and grandson Oleg Mikhailovich Krastelev.

The son, Mikhail Mikhailovich, having graduated from secondary school No. 9 in Sevastopol in 1957, entered the first year of the Third VVMIU and in 1962 graduated from the VVMIU of scuba diving. After graduating from college, he served on the nuclear submarine of the Northern Fleet. After serving in the navy, he entered the adjunct program at SVVMIU. Here he worked his way up from an adjunct to the head of the department of auxiliary mechanisms. After being transferred to the reserve, he worked as a senior researcher at a problematic survivability laboratory.

The grandson, Oleg Mikhailovich, upon graduating from the same secondary school No. 9 as his father in 1981, entered SVVMIU. He graduated from college in 1986 and was sent to the Pacific Fleet. He served on strategic nuclear submarines, first as commander of an electrical engineering group, and then as commander of an electrical engineering division. After being transferred to the reserve, he works as a teacher at SNUYAEP. It is fair to note: the Krastelev dynasty is not only a dynasty of submariners, but also a dynasty of teachers.

Demanding of himself and family members, of his subordinates, infinitely devoted to the sea and the profession of a submariner, devoting himself entirely to the education of young officers-engineers of the naval service - this is how Mikhail Andronikovich Krastelev was and will remain in our hearts. Thanks to his energy, determination and talent, the foundations of the methodology for training and educating cadets were laid, a system for training officer engineering personnel for the nuclear submarine fleet was founded, and the Sevastopol VVMIU was built. It was M.A. Krastelev is rightfully their creator, despite the fact that he is its third boss.

Considering the great merits of the famous submariner, vice-admiral engineer, professor M.A. Krastelev during the Great Patriotic War, his outstanding role in the founding of the system of training mechanical engineers for nuclear submarines, in the construction and subsequent development of the SVVMIU, paying tribute to his services to the Navy, the nuclear submarine fleet, the hero city of Sevastopol, graduates of the school considered it their sacred duty and duty to perpetuate the memory of his beloved admiral. They cannot accept the fact that in Sevastopol there is no street named after him. This great person, who dedicated his life to the fleet and gave his heart to it, deserved the memory of his people, for his name is forever inscribed in the history of the Navy, its submarine forces and in the history of the hero city of Sevastopol. This name must be perpetuated with dignity. The first step was the creation of a funerary monument installed on the admiral’s grave in the old city cemetery on the northern side of Sevastopol. Funds for this were collected by school graduates from different years. Grand opening of the monument to M.A. Krastelev took place on September 18, 2009. It was timed to coincide with the 98th anniversary of the admiral’s birth. It was attended by school graduates of different years, former teachers, military personnel, workers and employees; teachers, workers and employees of SNUYaEP, which became the legal successor of SVVMIU; representatives of the Russian Black Sea Fleet and the Ukrainian Navy, representatives of veterans' organizations and the media of Sevastopol.

09/19/2011 at the grave of M.A. Krastelev, graduates of the school from different years gathered again to honor the memory of their beloved teacher and mentor on his hundredth birthday. Those gathered shared their memories of the admiral, the construction of the school and laboratories, and the SYSTEM he created to train officer-engineers of the nuclear fleet. We are sincerely grateful to our admiral for the work he put into the victory over Nazi Germany, and in the matter of strengthening the defense capability of our Motherland, and in us - his pets.

The school has not existed for more than 20 years, but it lives in our hearts and is implemented in SNUYEP, and forms its basis. The main core of the university teaching staff are graduates of SVVMIU. They are the heart of the university. As long as this heart beats, the noble traditions of the school will find their fertile soil for further growth here too. They will live and multiply as long as the SYSTEM created by M.A. exists and develops. Krastelev and reached its peak during the years of growth and development of the USSR nuclear submarine fleet.

Two anniversary dates - 60 and 100 years. What a big time difference! But they make up one thing - the fate of a person. A man who gave his whole life and his whole heart, without a trace, to the very corners of his wide and rich soul, free of charge to the fleet, to us, his descendants, as an example! These two anniversary dates combine the life of a person and the life of the SYSTEM created by this person, the life of Mikhail Andronikovich Krastelev and the life of the Sevastopol Higher Naval Engineering School. When we say “Krastelev”, we mean SVVMIU, when we say SVVMIU, we think about Krastelev. SVVMIU and Krastelev! - they are inseparable, such is the dialectics of this question!

Complete your memorial to Vice Admiral Engineer, Professor M.A. Krastelev wants the words of the poet:

There are no two lives

There is only one Dana.

And everything has been given to this life in full!

Mikhail Andronikovich gave everything in full! And this is probably happiness. Is it so? Each of us must find the answer to this question within ourselves.

And today we, graduates of SVVMIU, proudly call ourselves “Krastelevites” and say with spiritual trepidation: “Teacher, before your name, allow me to humbly kneel.”

** Krastelev M.A. "Second War". - Sevastopol, 1986. - Unpublished manuscript.

IN MEMORY OF M.A. KRASTELYOV, HEAD OF VVMIUPP

Faster than a boat

The Nazis were hot on their heels,

They were not bothered by bad weather,

Explosions thundered here and there.

There is no strength to rush away from them,

Ceiling lamps burst from the explosions,

And the groans were not human -

The hull steel groaned.

But no matter how the Nazis bombed,

Frantically, at random,

Still, they got away, outwitted,

And the noise of the fascist propellers fell silent.

The Nazis didn’t spare bombs,

The ships scurried about in anger.

And at least they managed to break away,

Well, the rudders are jammed.

And there is no energy to move,

Batteries need charging

And the air became without oxygen,

Pop up as quickly as possible!

Breakdown overboard, not close,

The hole in the fence is battened down,

Can't eliminate it without risk

But the order was given to eliminate it.

And a competent chosen one was named,

He understood everything without further ado.

Mechanical engineer leaves

Boat mechanic Krastelev.

How to eliminate it - forecasts for now,

But a stern order was given:

“If there are threats to the ship,

Then we dive without you.”

And the minutes drag on for a long time,

When you involuntarily expect shooting,

And life is shorter for some reason,

If you are alive in a steel coffin.

And the coveted luck,

In war, a harbinger of victories,

But everything may be different,

There are no guarantees of that in war.

And heroism and bright mind

Sometimes I can’t get lucky,

And it doesn’t always happen right away:

"Come, see, conquer."

He fixed the problem

Even though the body is frozen,

Both fear and the sea won,

And the inflexibility of metal.

And in this case the submarine

She was saved and the crew survived.

More than once about their victories in reports

The sound of the sunken tonnage sounded.

We were saved. There was feat and courage

In the name of future victories,

And loyalty given to the oath,

This has been an example for many years.

Krastelev was an example in everything

To those with whom I served and fought,

And an exemplary officer

Why did you become a “vice admiral”?

Professor, Candidate of Science,

He was the head of VVMIU,

There were frames on “Az” and “Beech”,

What it is - knows who served.

Similar officers

He cooked from year to year,

And the engineers raised

To the “height” of the submarine fleet.

For a modern submarine fleet,

He blessed the service,

For military work, for honorable work,

The one that he himself knew.

Many years have passed since then.

Another life and another age.

Although he has been gone for a long time,

But the admiral's feat is glorious

A number of new higher education institutions were opened naval schools- VVMUPP named after. Lenin Komsomol, Second VVMIU in the city of Pushkin, Leningrad region and Kaliningrad VVMU, which specialized in certain areas of training of naval officers.

About three hundred years ago, Perth I, after visiting Holland, creates and structures the navy Russian Empire. The chaotically scattered naval vanguards were gathered into one whole. The question arose about the appearance of ranks for newly minted military personnel who will be called upon to command the fleet. At that time, no one knew who an admiral was in Rus', but this particular rank was included in the “Table of Ranks” in 1722. The rank was designated by the highest leadership of the Navy.

Ranks in the Russian Navy

Before reaching the rank of fleet admiral, a cadet at a higher military school must go from the rank of junior lieutenant to the ranks of the senior officer corps:

Ranks of officers of the Russian Navy

Admiral: who is this?

Admiral (from Arabic - lord of the seas) heads the command of the flotilla entrusted to him.

The most curious story is connected with the rank of admiral, the peak of which fell in the 40s of the last century:

• September 1941. The rank of admiral is identical to the general of the army of the ground forces.
• February 1944. After a number of successful naval battles, Stalin decides to promote two admirals: N.G. Kuznetsov and I.S. Isakov. However, in the “Table of Ranks” of the navy, there is simply no rank higher than admiral. Appeared fleet admiral, whose status corresponded to the Marshal of the USSR.
• March 1955. Before the collapse of the USSR, the position began to be called " Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union", and the four stars on the shoulder straps are replaced by the large Marshall star.
• February 1997. The latest version of the “Table of Ranks” appears: the admiral leads the fleet directly on the battlefield, fleet admiral- sits in General Staff Russian Navy.

How are the responsibilities of admirals divided during military operations or combat exercises:

• Rear Admiral. He is in command of one of the divisions of the squadron. If the vice admiral dies, he becomes the head of the entire squadron.
• Vice Admiral. They lead one squadron, which consists of three divisions: the vanguard (advanced forces standing in front), the corps de battalion (the middle part of the squadron, which supports the vanguard with fire), the rearguard (the rear, capable of holding the opponent when the first two divisions are reorganized).
• Admiral. He leads the flotilla, which consists of several main squadrons.
• Fleet Admiral. He sits on the General Staff and always has the last word.

Admirals' rank insignia

Since the creation of the post in 1722, the signs of distinction among admirals have changed with unprecedented frequency:

• 1722-1807. The admiral is distinguished by the number of buttons placed on the cuffs of the uniform: rear admiral one, vice admiral two, etc.
• Epaulets are introduced. They had silver and golden shades.
• The usual shoulder straps appeared: the rectangular shape of a golden hue, instead of stars, had the coats of arms of the Russian Empire on it.
• The rights of the military are being equalized, and all ranks are being abolished for several years.
• Shoulder straps are being created that have survived to this day: starting with one gold star for the rear admiral and ending with four for Fleet Admiral.

Five most famous Russian admirals

• Fedor Apraksin. He stood at the origins of the formation of the navy and participated in the “Northern War” with Sweden. At Apraksin, the first victory of the Russian fleet was won. Chief advisor to Great Peter on military affairs.
• Ferdinand Wrangel. He was known for his expeditions along the northern coast of the Russian Empire, and made four trips around the world.
• Pavel Nakhimov. Active participant in the Crimean War against Turkey.
• Fedor Ushakov. Great analyst and strategist. For a long time he commanded the Black Sea Fleet.
• Alexander Kolchak. Participant in the Russian-Japanese War, where he especially distinguished himself in the defense of Port Arthur.

What does an admiral butterfly look like? Photo

The habitat of the Admiral nymphalid butterfly is Europe and northwest Asia. It got its name because the black and gray wings have a red line that resembles the lower part of a military admiral's uniform with wide stripes.

Let's look at what a butterfly looks like and talk about the features of this species:

• Wings. A wingspan of six centimeters allows the butterfly to cover enormous distances.
• Nutrition. The caterpillar is exclusively nettle, hop and thistle. After turning into a butterfly, it feeds on flower pollen and tree sap.
• Reproduction. During breeding, the admiral flies to countries with a warm climate. One egg is placed on each leaf of the plant. After the caterpillar appears, a house is made from the leaf in the form of a rolled tube.
• Lifespan. The lifespan of this insect is short and is only 6-7 months.
• Habitat. Forest edges and fields. The butterfly is diurnal.

Knowing who an admiral is, one can compare this rank with the ranks of the navies of other countries of the world. For example, in the USA, women were appointed rear admirals back in the last century, and more recently, a representative of the fairer sex, in the person of Michelle Howard, became a full-fledged admiral.

Video about admirals

In this video, historian Pyotr Nakhimov will talk about twice admiral of the Soviet Union Nikolai Kuznetsov:

How beautiful and important word- “admiral”! So noble and warlike. When pronouncing it, one immediately remembers Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov, Her Majesty’s Admiral, famous for his exploits and services to the country.

But what does the word "admiral" mean? And how correctly do you understand and use it? If you strive to be literate and do not want to be considered ignorant, you need to read this fascinating article. And everything will become clear to you!

The word "admiral": meaning

The word "admiral" is of Dutch origin. But, according to the dictionary of the fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov, this word comes from the Arabic “emir al bah”. Which translates as “lord/lord/master of the seas.”

The Dutch modified it slightly to make it easier to pronounce. And as a result, the Arabic word turned into the Dutch word (admiraal).

In the Russian language, the word “admiral” (the meaning of which is quite varied) appeared thanks to the great Russian Emperor Peter I, famous for “cutting a window to Europe” and creating the Russian fleet.

The word has three meanings:

Firstly, it denotes the rank, rank (with several stages of growth) of the highest officer corps of the navy. Both in Russia and in many other countries.

Secondly, this is the name of the person who bears this title.

Thirdly, the species of diurnal butterflies (having a black-red-white color), which belong to the nymphalidae family and live in European and Asian countries, is also called the admiral.

Who is an admiral?

So, Admiral. The meaning of this word has Arabic roots. And it is translated as “lord of the sea.” A person with this rank has an entire flotilla under his command, which is why this rank is both prestigious and very binding and responsible at the same time.

The rank of admiral has a certain hierarchy:

Rear Admiral. He commands one division; if the vice admiral dies, he takes his place at the head of a squadron consisting of three divisions.

Vice Admiral. Exercises command of the squadron.

Admiral. On his shoulders rests the leadership of the flotilla, which includes several squadrons.

Admiral of the Fleet. He is in command, so his word determines the further outcome of events. Basically, the admiral of the fleet sits on the general staff.

History of the origin of the title

Admiral is one of the oldest ranks; it appeared in the early Middle Ages in the Arab countries. Already in the 12th century, this rank came to Europe and became the naval equivalent (equal in status) to the rank of general on land. But very soon he rose to field marshal.

In France, “lords of the seas” were even appointed by kings, possessing a special admiral’s baton and their own flag, and their powers included command of all naval forces.

How did the rank appear in Russia?

Admiral is a naval rank that was introduced into the Russian fleet by decree of Peter I back in 1706. The first Russian emperor built his fleet similar to the Dutch army. That is why the rank in its meaning was equal to that of a land general.

Also in the 19th century, a hierarchy of admiral ranks appeared. The following titles were introduced:

rear admiral - major general;

Vice Admiral - Lieutenant General.

In 1935, the Russian Navy also acquired this title. After which the following ranks were added:

Admiral of the Fleet;

Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union (until 1993. Now Federation).

Rank rear admiral

But first things first. The meaning of the word “rear admiral” is as follows: rear admiral is the first step of this hierarchy. The rank or rank in terms of the height of its status is equivalent to a land major general.

Russian rear admirals:

Nikolai Osipovich Abramov;

Alexander Petrovich Alexandrov;

Vasily Emelyanovich Ananich;

Neon Vasilievich Antonov;

Mikhail Ivanovich Arapov;

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Belli;

Viktor Platonovich Bogolepov;

Nikolai Alexandrovich Bologov;

Pavel Ivanovich Boltunov;

Sergei Borisovich Verkhovsky.

Rank Vice Admiral

Vice Admiral is the second level of the admiral hierarchy. Corresponds to the rank of lieutenant general in the general forces.

Russian vice admirals:

Valentin Petrovich Drozd;

Ivan Dmitrievich Eliseev;

Zhukov Gavriil Vasilievich;

Ilya Danilovich Kulishov;

Lev Andreevich Kurnikov;

Mikhail Zakharovich Moskolenko;

Alexander Andreevich Nikolaev;

Anatoly Nikolaevich Petrov;

Yuri Fedorovich Ral;

Alexander Mikhailovich Rumyantsev.

Rank admiral

Admiral is the third level of this hierarchy. Second in seniority after the Fleet Admiral. Compliant land rank"Colonel General"

Russian admirals:

Pavel Sergeevich Abankin;

Nikolai Efremovich Basisty;

Nikolai Ignatievich Vinogradov;

Lev Anatolyevich Vladimirsky;

Arseniy Grigorievich Golovko;

Fedor Vladimirovich Zozulya;

Ivan Stepanovich Yumashevich;

Stepan Grigorievich Kucherov;

Gordey Ivanovich Levchenko;

Philip Sergeevich Oktyabrsky.

The most famous Russian admirals, known for having played an important role both in the fate of the fleet and in the fate of the entire country, are considered: