Young cadets in the White Army. An education system built on the best traditions. Establishment of cadet corps in Russia

Our youth burned to the ground And we, in general, did not see it, But someday they will remember your deeds And us, who were offended... We have been fighting since we were thirteen. Do I need to talk about this? And in the future they will say with pride: cadet This is one of those who did not fall. M. Nadezhdin,
Cadet of the Vladikavkaz Cadet Coop.

Before the revolution in Russia there were 31 cadet corps, which were paramilitary secondary educational establishments. Each corps was usually divided into three companies. The first company, which included the senior classes (6th and 7th), was considered a combat company. This company was armed with rifles and in it the cadets, young men 16-17 years old, became acquainted with the basics of military affairs. The number of such a company in each corps was about 100 people, i.e. in all Russian corps, in combat companies, in October 1917 there were approximately 3,000 people. The figure for Russia is more than minuscule, less than a drop in the ocean, and scattered throughout its vast expanses.

There were very few of them, but nevertheless, speaking about those “damned” days, as Bunin called them, one cannot pass over in silence what they had to endure and what they did. Without them, some pages of the history of the White struggle would have lost their special colorfulness and heroism.

Alexander Amfiteatrov, a famous writer and journalist, before the revolution of the extreme left, wrote at the end of the 20s:
“I didn’t know you, gentlemen, cadets, I honestly admit, and only now I realized the full depth of your asceticism.”

I personally met the October Revolution in Moscow, within the walls of the 2nd Moscow Kad. housings. The Bolshevik uprising in Moscow began, as is known, on October 26, Art. Art., almost a week later than in Petrograd. By this time the fighting was already over. The Provisional Government was overthrown and power passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks.

In our building we felt this only on Saturday, October 27th. At the big break, when we lined up to go for breakfast, the commander of our third company, regiment. Voznitsyn announced that since there was unrest in the city, none of the cadets would be released on leave. For us who were going on vacation, this was a big disappointment. At first, we, the kids who were upset by this, accepted this news about this point. After breakfast, as always, there were lessons. But nevertheless, it was felt that something was happening and something new was approaching that would disrupt the normal flow of our lives. Our officers were talking among themselves about something quietly but excitedly. At the entrance to the building, pairs of sentries with rifles were posted, from the cadets of the 1st company, who dashingly, like corporals, saluted each passing officer. After lunch, a group of senior cadets in the courtyard of the building were preparing for something, moving boxes of ammunition somewhere. We, first-graders, left to our own devices more than ever, hung on the windows and watched what was happening with interest and envy.
Moscow, as you know, resisted the Bolsheviks longer than Petrograd. The fighting continued for more than a week with varying success. In Moscow, the cadets of the Alekseevsky and Aleksandrovsky schools, cadets and only part of the young officers and students in Moscow spoke out against the Bolsheviks. The majority of the intelligentsia and even the officers preferred to take a wait-and-see approach...

Three Moscow buildings, and next to them the Alekseevsky School, were located in Lefortovo, that is, quite far from the Kremlin and the center of Moscow, where the outcome of the fight against the Bolsheviks was largely decided. Here, in Lefortovo, it was necessary to create a separate center of struggle, which fragmented and weakened the forces fighting against the Bolsheviks.
Our first company is the order of the corps director, General. Svintsitsky, - the cadets should remain neutral - was not fulfilled. In the evening, our 1st company, having contacted the cadets of other corps, at the command of its vice-sergeant major Slonimsky, lined up in the assembly hall and asked the director for permission to go to the aid of the cadets who had already opposed the Bolsheviks. A categorical refusal followed. He said that he had no right to do this, that he was responsible to his parents for the lives of the cadets entrusted to him. Despite this, the vice sergeant-major ordered the rifles to be dismantled and, with the banner at their head, led the company to the exit from the building. There, blocking the door with himself, the director once again tried to persuade them not to go. But he was politely lifted by the right flank cadets and carried aside.
And the cadet company, consisting of young men 16-17 years old, walked past their director as if in a parade for the last time.
It was a gross violation of discipline, unprecedented within the walls of the building. But what could they do when in Russia at that moment, alas, there was no one else except these green youth?.. I think our director understood this and the cadet approved of this in his heart. My detached teacher, the regiment, also left with the cadets. Matveev, no longer young, is a strict, but fair, always smart officer. I never saw him again; he never returned to the building. After the Bolshevik victory, he and a group of cadets made their way to the Don and, as those who saw him there said, died in the Kuban campaign.

I would also like to add that on the night from Saturday to Sunday, more than a dozen cadets of the 2nd company, that is, boys 14-15 years old, disappeared. As they said, they went down the drainpipe at night and also went to help the cadets.

This happened not only in the Moscow corps, this happened in all corps of Russia: in Odessa, and in Kiev, and in Simbirsk, and in Omsk, and in others. As a result, the Bolsheviks’ hatred of the cadets and terror, which sometimes took on monstrous proportions. Anatoly Markov in his book “Cadets and Junkers” writes:
“In the first days of Bolshevism, in the autumn and winter of 1917, all cadet corps on the Volga were destroyed, namely: Yaroslavl, Simbirsk and Nizhny Novgorod. The Red Guards caught cadets in cities and at stations railways, in carriages, on ships, they beat them, mutilated them, threw them out of the windows while the trains were running and threw them into the water.”

In Tashkent, the October days were especially bloody. There, as elsewhere, a combat company of Tashkent cadets joined the cadets and together with them defended the Tashkent fortress from the Bolsheviks. What kind of revenge there was for this. brutal reprisal: the Bolsheviks slaughtered all the corps personnel and the remaining junior cadets. The White struggle began.

We see the cadets on the Don, and with Kornilov in the Kuban campaign, and near Orel, and on the Volga with Kappel, and in Siberia with Kolchak, and on the approaches to Petrograd with Yudenich, and on Perekop with Wrangel. They walked in the forefront and all of them had a good reputation. Their unmarked graves are scattered everywhere where the fight against the Bolsheviks was fought.
They did not need to be called and mobilized - they walked on their own. And if they didn’t want to be accepted because they were young, they begged. To look older, they spoke in a deep voice, made themselves look older, convinced that everyone in their family was short, and tried not to show that the rifle was too heavy for them!

November 2nd Art. from. 1917 is considered the birth day of the White Army. On this day, i.e. a week after the Bolshevik coup, gene. Alekseev arrived in Novocherkassk to see Kaledin and began organizing the fight against the Bolsheviks. The cadets were among the first to respond to his call. The first unit formed by Alekseev was the Junker Battalion, which consisted of two companies: the first - the cadets and the second - the cadets, under the command of Staff Captain Mizernitsky.
The battalion was formed within two weeks and already on November 27th. Art., this battalion took part in the battle for Rostov. A platoon of caps was almost completely killed in it. Donskoy, consisting of cadets from the Oryol and Odessa corps. The corpses found after the battle were mutilated and stabbed with bayonets. Thus, in the first battle of the Volunteers, the first blood of Russian cadet boys was shed.

The self-glorified partisans Chernetsov and Semiletov in those days defended the approaches to Novocherkassk. These were also green youth - cadets, high school students, students. There were very few of them and they suffered heavy losses.
Every day in Novocherkassk a mournful death knell was heard. It was Russian youths who were buried. The coffins were usually followed by either General Alekseev or Ataman Kaledin. Once, at an open grave, General Alekseev said:
“I see the monument that Russia will erect for these children: on a bare rock there is a ruined eagle’s nest and killed eaglets. Where were the eagles?

These tragic words will forever remain a monument to the feat of youth and the criminal indifference of the majority of the older generation.
Gene. Denikin, touching on the same issue, also writes bitterly:
“The pressure of the Bolsheviks (in those days) was overcome by several hundred officers, high school students, cadets, and the panels and cafes of Rostov-Novocherkassk were full of healthy, young officers who had not entered the army.”

In February 1918, a small volunteer army set out on its first Kuban campaign. In the village of Olginskaya, Gen. Kornilov inspected the cadet battalion and promoted all the cadets to ensigns, and gave the senior class cadets the title of “marching cadets.”
Under Art. Vyselki (March 3) The partisan detachment, which was later named Alekseevok, had to endure a difficult battle. The village was taken, but the regiment suffered heavy losses. Gene. Bogaevsky, later Donskoy ataman, who then commanded this regiment, later wrote in his memoirs:
“I especially felt sorry for several boys - cadets of the Don Corps, who died in this battle... What fine fellows they went into battle! There was no danger for them, as if these children did not understand it. And there was no strength to stop them in the rear, in the convoy. They still ran away from there into the ranks and fearlessly went into battle.”
On the same campaign in the same regiment, on March 17, 1918, a cadet of the 5th class of the Don Corps, Alexey Tikhonov, 15 years old, died from wounds. His last words (according to the sister of mercy who was present) were: “I know that I will die soon, but I can happily accept death for my faith, for Russia.”

And here is an excerpt from the regiment's diary. Zaitseva:
“To the camp. A small detachment caught up with the cheerful volunteers. In this detachment there were 4 officers, 6 cadets and 9 Don Cossacks. He made the journey from Novocherkassk at great risk.” As we can see, there were cadets here too!
In January 1918, a detachment was formed in Ekaterinodar under the command of the regiment. Lesevitsky, called the “Kuban Rescue Squad.” The fifth platoon of this detachment was called “cadet”. It consisted of cadets from the Vladikavkaz Corps and other corps. At first, this detachment defended Ekaterinodar. But there were too many Bolsheviks, and there were too few of them, so we had to retreat. Having met the Volunteer Army marching towards Yekaterinodar, the detachment joined it. The losses were great. In its ranks, cadets heroically gave their lives:
Georgy Pereverzev - 3rd Moscow Corps,
Sergey Ozarovsky - Voronezh,
Danilov - Vladikavkazsky and many, many others, whose names have not been preserved.
But they are written down by the Lord God...
Then, already in exile, cadet K. Fialkovsky wrote to Pereverzev’s parents:
“George took part in the battles before and during the 1st Kuban campaign. In the battle near Ekaterinodar on March 27, 1918, along with many others, he died a heroic death. Due to the fact that the city of Yekaterinodar was not taken by us and we retreated from it, we were unable to remove George’s body from the battle and it remained near the Samur barracks. He and I were in a company that was all cadets and felt like brothers. On him, like on many others, there was the imprint of some kind of premonition, something inevitable. He was somehow especially meek and kind in relation to others. I personally saw him dead, he was killed in the chest, the bullet hit the heart, so his face was not disfigured, only blood froze on his lips. Don’t be sad, he fell for a holy cause.”

This is how Georgy Pereverzev died, he was only 15 years old. In November 1917, Ataman of Orenburg Cossack army, A.I. Dutov, having formed a detachment of his Cossacks, took power in Orenburg. Combat company of the Orenburg Neplyuevsky cad. The entire corps, led by its vice-sergeant Yuzbashev, joined this detachment, took part in many battles in its ranks, suffered heavy losses and showed exceptional resilience. After the Cossacks abandoned Orenburg, the cadets, uniting with the cadets of the Orenburg School, went through the steppes to the South and, having made their way to the Volga, came to join the Volunteers.
There, the Orenburg cadets subsequently made up almost the entire team of the Vityaz armored train.

It must be said that armored trains played a very important role in the Civil War, so their teams were made up of especially loyal and persistent people, mainly student youth. The most famous armored trains of the Volunteer Army were the “Glory of the Officer” and “Russia”, the teams of which mainly consisted of cadets.

In 1917, when there was a threat that Pskov might be occupied by the Germans. Pskov cad. The corps was evacuated to Kazan. During the October uprising of local Bolsheviks, Pskovites, like Moscow cadets, joined the Kazan cadets and fought with them against the Reds.
Then we see senior Pskov cadets at Kappel and in other parts of the Siberian White Army. One cadet Pskovich even managed to create his own partisan detachment, which successfully operated in the rear of the Reds.
When Kazan was left to the Whites, all the remaining Pskov cadets, of all ages, set out in marching order for Irkutsk. Kolchak had a large shortage of officers in Siberia, and therefore it was necessary to quickly increase the productivity of the cadet schools. The best and most loyal cadets for military schools were provided by cadet corps. It was decided to speed up their releases too. At that time, there were 6 cadres on the territory of White Siberia. buildings: 1st Siberian, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Orenburg-Neplyuevok, 2nd Orenburg and Pskov. At the end of the 1918-1919 academic year, the cadets who entered the 7th grade were ordered to immediately continue their studies in order to complete the corps course by Christmas 1919, an unprecedented phenomenon in the history of the Russian corps. No such order was given for other secondary educational institutions.

In the summer of 1919, when Voroiezh was occupied by the division of General. Shkuro, many cadets of the Voronezh corps, hiding in the city, volunteered to join the whites who came. Of these new arrivals, Voronezh cadets were killed already in the first battles:
Gusev, Glonti, Zolotrubov, Selivanov and Grotkevich.

Gene. Turkul also writes in his memoirs about cadets and high school students:

“The cadets made their way to us from all over Russia...
The boys managed to squeeze through all the fronts. They reached the Kuban steppes from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv, Irkutsk, and Warsaw. How many times have I had to interrogate such vagabonds, tanned, ragged in dusty, worn-out shoes, emaciated white-toothed boys. They wanted to volunteer and named their relatives, the city, the building or the gymnasium where they studied.
- And how old are you? —
“Eighteen,” blurts out the newcomer, although he himself is called three inches from the pot. You just shake your head.
The boy, seeing that they don’t believe him, wipes the dirty sweat from his cheek and shifts from foot to foot.
- Seventeen, Mr. Colonel. —
- Don't lie, don't lie! —
So it came to fourteen. All the cadets, as agreed, announced that they were seventeen.
- But why are you so small? - you sometimes ask such an eagle.
“But we don’t have any tall people in our family.” We are all so short... I remember what reinforcements came to us on the hike. Just boys. I remember, near Bakhmut, near the station. Pits, with the echelon of the 1st battalion, up to a hundred volunteers came... I looked, and the most yellow-throated suckers, literally chicks, fell out of the cars like peas...

I really didn’t want to accept them into the battalion - mere children... I sent them for training... I didn’t want to split them into companies, I didn’t want to lead the children into battle. They found out, or rather sensed, that I did not want to accept them. They followed me on my heels, begged me, they all swore that they knew how to shoot and attack...
With a constricted heart, I ordered them to be divided into companies, and an hour later, under the fire of machine guns and a red armored train, we advanced on the station. Pits, and I listened to the ringing voices of my daring boys. We took the pits. Only one of us was killed. It was a boy from the new addition. I forgot his name. Boy in a rolled up soldier's overcoat, with raindrops on it, lay in a rut on the road...
How many hundreds of thousands of adults, big ones, should have gone into the fire for their fatherland, for their people, for themselves, instead of this little boy. Then the child would not go into attacks with us...”
At gen. Turkul had a cousin, Pavlik Turkul, a cadet in the Odessa Corps. When the detachment of the gen. Drozdovsky walked from Romania to the Don to the general. Kornilov, Pavlik fled from home and joined the Drozdovites. During the 2nd Kuban campaign he was wounded and became disabled, but remained in service. Much later, heading to the rear on vacation, he was captured by the Red partisans. They beat him, tortured him, and then lowered him under the ice while still alive. It was December 1919. A peasant, a carrier who was taking him to the rear, told about his death.

The cadets, as I already said, were interspersed almost in the military units of the White Army. D. F. Pronin, who volunteered as an artilleryman right from school, in the collection of essays “The Seventh Howitzer, 1918-1921”, touching on the environment where he ended up, writes:

“The company gathered was quite motley: Sergeevsky’s artillery cadet. schools, two. cadets, two students, two captured Red Army soldiers - from Permians mobilized by the Bolsheviks, two Stavropol farmers. Everyone was united by hatred of communism, and life full of danger welded them all into a compact mass of numbers and mounts of the 4th gun of our battery.”

In one of the essays, Pronin, among other things, describes the fate and all the misadventures of the cadet who came to them:

“He appeared at the battery shortly after we destroyed Sum. He was a cadet of the Poltava Corps, and together with many of his classmates he joined the advancing Dobrov. Army... The cadet's name was Karpinsky. He was 13-14 years old. This is nothing, but he was small in height and looked even younger than his age. The battery, obviously, was not the first part he tried to enter. They sent him home, feeling sorry for him and not wanting to take on the responsibility and care of the child. When he appeared with us, he carefully hid from the commander and officers. He was not on payroll and the soldiers, feeling sorry for the boy, fed him from their kettles.”

The authorities found out about the cadet when the battery was already far from his home. So he remained with the battery. In Crimea, having grown up and matured, he was transferred to a team of mounted reconnaissance officers. In a battle against Zhloba’s cavalry corps, Karpinsky himself captured a machine gun and a good horse for himself. An exploding shell threw him off his horse. Shaking himself off, he sat back down. To the commander's question: - “Did you get hurt?”- he famously replied: - “ No, Mr. Colonel, it was just knocked down by the air.” —

On January 25, 1920, Odessa was evacuated by whites. Most of them, who did not want to stay with the Bolsheviks, did not get on the ships. They had to retreat on foot to the Romanian border.
The huge city, where there were more than 20 thousand officers alone, gave a detachment of 600 active fighters, under the command of a regiment. Stessel, who covered the retreat. About 400 cadets of the Odessa and Kyiv corps retreated with him. Many of the cadets were junior classes, aged 12 to 14 years. Near the villages of Kondel and Zelts, the Bolsheviks blocked the path of the whites in large forces. There was a battle that opened the way for the Volunteers. The defense of the left flank was entrusted to the cadets, under the command of Cap. Remerta. The Bolsheviks directed their main attack on this section of the battle. After brutal artillery and machine-gun training, the Bolsheviks asked for their cavalry to serve as cadets. This was the decisive moment.

The cavalry breakthrough brought complete defeat to the whites. But this did not happen, the cadet ranks did not waver. With friendly volleys they met the rushing cavalry. Not expecting such a rebuff, the red cavalry, suffering heavy losses, retreated. The battle continued with short breaks from 9 am to 6 pm. All attempts by the Bolsheviks to shake the cadet ranks remained fruitless.

In his order of April 1920, the Military Representative of the South of Russia in Romania, Gen. Gerua, referring to this battle, wrote:

“The courage and valor of the cadets, who suffered huge losses in these battles, places them in the ranks of experienced warriors. On behalf of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, I thank the valiant heroic cadets for their complete dedication and courage in participating in the battles of Kandel and Seltz... I believe that, having shown so much courage in their youth for the cause of the suffering Motherland, the cadets will write their names in golden letters in history revival of Russia."
Genuinely signed
Lieutenant General Gerua.

I, too, as a fourteen-year-old boy, went on a campaign from Orel to Novorossiysk with the Alekseevsky Partisan Regiment, and then the Crimean epic. Behind battle history of our regiment, many young people passed through its ranks and among them were cadets from various corps. Many of them, starting from the 1st Kuban campaign, gave their lives for the white cause in the ranks of the Alekseevsky Partisan Regiment. Of the few who survived, in 1919 (this was the year I joined the regiment), most had already become officers.
Particularly vivid in my memory is Georges Ivanov, a cadet of the 3rd Moscow Corps, who did a lot for me. He was several years older than me and he took me, a small cadet, and also a cadet of the Moscow Corps, under his protection. In October 1917, Georges, as a cadet of the 6th class, 16 years old, took part in battles with the Bolsheviks in Moscow. Then he fled to the Don to General Alekseev. In the 1st Kuban campaign he was wounded - left hand was broken and dried up and he remained disabled for life, but nevertheless remained in the army. Extremely brave, in the Crimea under Wrangel, he was promoted to Staff Captain at less than 20 years old.
In the summer of 1920, Gen. Wrangel ordered all students in the army to be sent to schools to continue their education. I also fell under this order, and to my great chagrin I had to part with the Alekseevsky regiment, which had become dear to me...
In September I was sent to the Combined Cadet Company at the Konstantinovsky Military School, which was located in Feodosia. There I met cadets, without exaggeration, from all over Russia, who had come there from the regiments of the White Army. There were cadets from Petrograd, Moscow, Pskov, Sumy, Simbirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Odessa, Warsaw, Tashkent, etc. From teenagers to over-aged seventh graders with mustaches.
In Crimea, Gen. Wrangel from Poltava and Vladikavkaz cadet corps The Crimean Cadre was formed. frame. It was later joined by cadets from Feodosia, who actively took part in the Civil War.

Later, in Bila Tserkva (Yugoslavia) in our Crimean building on the Honorary marble plaque (there was no money for marble, there was a plaque painted to look like marble) the names of 46 Knights of St. George, heroes were written Civil War who studied in this building.
I entered the Crimean Corps in the 3rd grade, my classmates were boys 13-15 years old. At least half of my squad came from the front. Among them are three Knights of St. George.

“The lush dough of the corps of officers of the Russian Imperial Army rose with cadet yeast. The cadet corps instilled love for the Motherland, the army and the navy, created a military caste, imbued through and through with the best historical traditions, and developed that layer of Russian officers, on whose blood Russian military glory was created.”

Cadet - writer Dvigubsky

To the question: “Who were the first to stand on the path of revolutionary bacchanalia?”, one can answer unequivocally - Russian military youth. Brought up on the firm principles and precepts of honest service to the Faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland, the cadets accepted the Bolshevik coup of October 1917. as a harbinger of the death of all of Russia. Indeed, among the cadets there could not be people who thought differently - there were no traitors there. Cadet corps were the best schools of state and national education in Russia, whose students one could always be proud of. But the fight against the red plague began for the cadets much earlier than 1917.

Even during the revolution of 1905, when pernicious unrest penetrated almost all civilian educational institutions, cadet corps remained calm islands of order, discipline and devotion amid the revolutionary storm. So, in one of the buildings there were two cadets who allowed themselves, in a conversation with their comrades, to express some sympathy for the events taking place. The director of the corps put them on trial for cadet honor, but even he, an officer who knew the cadet traditions and environment well, was struck by the court verdict, which read: death penalty! Of course, no one carried it out, but these two cadets were so amazed by the opinion of their comrades that they repented and made a solemn promise to forever renounce their errors, and became worthy officers. In the same year, cadets of one of the capital's corps, at their unanimous request, took part in the armed dispersal of revolutionary demonstrators.

The red flag, which had flown instead of the Russian national flag since October 1917, was taken by the cadets for what it really was - a dirty rag under which they robbed, killed and raped. The facts of the rescue of corps banners are touching and difficult. Those corps that, in the very first months of the revolution, were evacuated to the areas of the White armies, took their banners with them, and those remaining in the Red zone did everything in their power to prevent the shrines from falling into the hands of the Soviets. The banners were removed secretly and at great risk to life.

In all cities where there were military schools and cadet corps, literally from the first days of the Bolshevik revolution, an armed struggle for White Russia began. In Moscow, the cadets of the Alexander School were joined by cadets from three corps. Nothing could stop the hot hearts of these little patriots! Thus, the senior cadets of the 2nd Moscow Corps, having formed under the command of their comrade Vice-Sergeant Slonimsky, turned to the director of the corps with a request for permission to go to the aid of the cadets and cadets of the other two corps. This was met with a categorical refusal. Then Slonimsky orders the rifles to be dismantled and leads the company out with a banner. The director was politely moved out of the way...

In Petrograd, almost all military schools fought on these same days. The Naval Cadet Corps was one of the first to be attacked by the Bolsheviks, and put up worthy resistance. The Yaroslavl, Simbirsk and Nizhny Novgorod corps were defeated by the Red Guards. Cadet were killed, maimed, thrown out of trains and into the water. The surviving boys took an active part in further battles with the Red Army. The cadets of the Orenburg Corps subsequently almost entirely made up the team of the Vityaz armored train. The personnel and cadets of the Tashkent Corps were almost completely beaten for participating in armed resistance along with the cadets.

Books must be written and films made about the paths and thorns through which these children made their way into the White armies. The first volunteer detachments that began the fight on the Don were mostly made up of cadets and cadets. At a time when healthy and strong men turned into Red Guard animals or simply waited on the sidelines, Russian boys went into battle for the desecrated Fatherland. At one of the funerals, General Alekseev said: “I see a monument that Russia will erect for these children, and this monument should depict an eagle’s nest and the eaglets killed in it...”.

A large number of cadets took part and covered themselves in glory in the legendary Ice March. They were always talked about with fatherly love and sadness... With a rifle taller than themselves, going headlong into the water during any ford crossings, they meekly endured all the hardships of the campaign. On all fronts of the Civil War, cadets stood out for their daring and courage, looking up to their senior comrades and trying to be in no way inferior to them. The poet Snasareva-Kazakova dedicated beautiful lines to the cadets who died near Irkutsk:

Their eyes were like stars -
Ordinary Russian cadets;
Nobody described them here
And he didn’t sing it in the poet’s verses.
Those children were our stronghold,
And Rus' will bow to their grave;
They're all there
Died in snowdrifts...

In the famous Drozdovskaya division of the Volunteer Army, all cadets, high school students and realists were jokingly called “eggplants.” It was the children who responded to the call to defend their homeland from the Bolshevik plague. They always added years to themselves and tried to look older and more respectable - just to be enlisted in the army. General Turkul recalled how many times he had to interview these sweet, emaciated and ragged boys who made their way from all corners of Russia. Most were 14-15 years old. What called them to the hell of war? What made you run away from your parents and put yourself in mortal danger? But the Red Army was sometimes much closer to the White Army... Maybe a thirst for adventure and exploits? Dreams of fame and adventurism? Of course, all these assumptions are ridiculous and insulting to their memory. They were simply RUSSIAN CADETS who were not going to live in a communist garbage dump, who loved Russia and were ready to bear responsibility for everything that happened in it.

Nothing dried up the soul and tore the heart more than a dead child lying in a military uniform. Next to him is a rifle and a cap, on the chest, covered in blood, a small cross, and behind the belt is a favorite book or notebook with poems by Pushkin and Lermontov, rewritten according to the cadet tradition. How sometimes I didn’t want to put them in line, which always dictated its own harsh laws! It seemed that the entire future of Russia was here in the army, with a rifle, and not with a pen in hand and not at a school desk. And hundreds of thousands of healthy and adult people were engaged in preserving their human skin, which was still well-fed in those days. Never forget the battle of a white armored train, or rather an armored platform with several red armored trains. When the majority of the team and the commander himself were killed, the site began to retreat and among “... collapsed and burnt bags of earth, sharp holes, bodies in smoldering greatcoats, among blood and smoke, stood blackened from smoke machine gunner boys and madly shouted “Hurray.” " One thoughtful Englishman, who was in the south of Russia during the Civil War, wrote that “in the history of the world he knows nothing more remarkable than child volunteers white movement. To all the fathers and mothers who gave their children for the Motherland, he must say that their children brought a sacred spirit to the battlefield and, in the purity of their youth, lay down for Russia. And if people did not appreciate their sacrifices and did not yet erect a worthy monument to them, then God saw their sacrifice and accepted their souls into his heavenly abode...” The southern Russian corps also made a significant contribution to the defense of the Fatherland. The first cadet blood was shed in battles with the Red Army near Rostov near Balabanova Grove in 1917. Here Odessa cadets Nadolsky and Usachev were killed, Polyakov, Shengelaya and Dumbadze were wounded. How can we forget one of the little cadets who, after the battle, was leading a captured Red Army soldier and hit his foot in the switch of the tram line, sprained his leg, but endured the pain with colossal courage, and after handing over the prisoner, he sat down on the rails and cried bitterly... But in the 1st Kuban campaign The Volunteer Army seemed to have occurred incredible incident heroism, which hardly has analogues in military history. Odessa cadet Kikodze continued to go on the attack with...his legs torn off by an artillery shell, dragging across the arable field in his arms and shouting “Hurray!”

In 1920, during the evacuation of Odessa, part of the Volunteer Army troops, as well as a mass of refugees with children, retreated to the borders of Romania under the onslaught of the Reds. Among those retreating were several hundred cadets from the Odessa Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich's cadet corps, as well as a number of other corps. On January 31, a battle broke out between Colonel Stessel’s detachment and superior Red forces consisting of an infantry division and Kotovsky’s cavalry brigade near Kandel. The battle was necessary to save refugees, women and children. The detachment consisted of only 600 fighters. The left flank was entrusted to a combined composition of cadets under the command of Captain Remert. It was on the left flank that the main attack of the Reds was directed. But neither the brutal artillery and machine-gun fire, nor the frantic attacks of the red cavalry could break the cadets. Friendly volleys and solid bayonets constantly greeted the cavalry of the famous Bessarabian criminal. The success of the left flank allowed the entire detachment to launch a counteroffensive and push back the Reds. The battle lasted intermittently from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.

The Kyiv Vladimir Cadet Corps managed to avoid defeat and disbandment. However, already in the first days of the revolution, the left-wing writer Amphiteatrov published an article in the newspaper “Kievskaya Mysl” entitled “Wolf Cubs”, in which he persecuted the Kiev cadets for not wearing red bows at the general parade in honor of the revolution, without disgracing their white shoulder straps with them . True, in emigration he saw the light after reading Zurov’s book “Cadets”, and publicly repented, admitting that “I didn’t know you, gentlemen, Cadets, I honestly admit, and only now I realized the depth of your asceticism.” With the liberation of Kyiv Volunteer Army General Denikin in 1919, most of the cadets immediately went to the front. One of the batteries was fully staffed by Kyiv cadets. Perhaps some Kiev residents will recognize names dear to them - Sergei Yakimovich, Polinovsky, Levitsky, Porai-Koshits, Berezhetsky, Zakharzhevsky. Also, the cadets of the Sumy and Poltava corps fearlessly fought the Bolsheviks. Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, who at one time was in charge of all military educational institutions in Russia, famous poet under the pseudonym "K.R." and a man who enjoyed great love from all cadets and cadets wrote beautiful lines:

"Cadet"
Even though you are a boy, you are aware in your heart
Kinship with a great military family,
Be proud to belong to her soul.
You are not alone: ​​you are a flock of eagles.
The day will come, and, spreading its wings,
Happy to sacrifice themselves,
You will rush bravely into mortal combat,
Death for the honor of one's native land is enviable.

In the Parisian suburb of Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, at the famous cemetery of Russian emigrants, there is also a cadet site. White birch trees and white crosses, and on each white stone grave there is a colored shoulder strap of the cadet corps from which the deceased graduated. Don't forget to bow, passerby!

The country that can raise such sons as the Russian cadets were is happy and has the right to exist.

What do composer Sergei Rachmaninov, traveler Nikolai Przhevalsky, Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, designer Alexander Mozhaisky and Admiral Fyodor Ushakov have in common? All of them were graduates of cadet corps that existed in Russian Empire.

Today we are witnessing a revival of the traditional military education of youth, and the word “cadet” is again becoming part of our vocabulary. In this regard, it is interesting to know what this term means and what is the history of Russian military corps for youth.

The meaning of the word "cadet"

In 1905, the Party of Constitutional Democrats was formed in the Russian Empire, whose members were called cadets. However, there is another interpretation of this word.

We are talking about students of military training corps that appeared in Russia during the reign of Anna Ioannovna. The term itself is borrowed from French and means "younger" in translation. To be more precise, according to the Gascon dialect, a cadet is a little captain.

In France, this was the name given to young nobles who were enrolled in military service, but had not yet been promoted to officer. Over time, this term passed into other European languages, including Russian.

Establishment of cadet corps in Russia

In the Moscow kingdom, the offspring of noble families received the rank of officer after serving as soldiers in the Semenovsky or Preobrazhensky regiments. Peter's reforms required a different approach to the training of army command personnel.

Therefore, in 1731, by decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna, the first Gentry Cadet Corps was founded, where noble children trained to read and write were enrolled. The students, in addition to military subjects and drill training, studied the humanities and exact sciences, foreign languages, studied dancing, fencing and horse riding.

The first charter of the new military educational institution was drawn up on the basis of the charters of the same corps in Denmark and Prussia. A cadet was not just a student. From the first day, he found himself in a special world, where everything was subordinated to the highest goal - serving the Fatherland.

All pupils lived together under the constant supervision of officers, who were charged with the duty of instilling in them the necessary for the future military service quality.

At the end of each year, public examinations were held in the presence of generals, government officials and ministers. Often the empress herself was present at them.

Graduates of the cadet corps were awarded the rank of non-commissioned officer or warrant officer, after which they were sent to serve in cavalry or infantry regiments.

Elitism without snobbery

Until the end of the 18th century, four cadet corps were founded in the Russian Empire, and in the next century - already twenty-two. Upon admission of their son, the parents gave a receipt stating that they were voluntarily sending him to study for fifteen years without the right to temporary leave. The cadet knew this, but was ready to make sacrifices.

On the one hand, the corps were elite military educational institutions, where the scions of noble families, grand dukes and even the heir to the throne, the future Alexander II, studied.

On the other hand, the sons of ordinary officers could also become students of the cadet corps. Moreover, boys from poor families and those whose fathers died or were wounded in the war had advantages in admission.

Regardless of origin, a student could be expelled for poor academic performance or laziness. At the same time, diligence was encouraged by invitations to “pies” in the families of mentor officers, trips to city fairs or theater performances.

Cadets in the White Army

By the beginning of the First World War, there were already thirty cadet corps in Russia. Their students would soon have to go through difficult trials, defending their beliefs in the face of death. It is important to note that none of these military educational institutions changed their oath.

Moreover, a huge number of young cadets joined the ranks of the White Army. For them, Baron Wrangel founded a new corps in Crimea, at whose desks more than forty young Knights of St. George sat.

A contemporary recalled that for revolutionaries the cadet was the most hated symbol. Together with the remnants of the White Army, these hero boys went into exile. Later, Russian military corps were opened in France and Serbia, so the cadet movement continued to exist.

Suvorov, Nakhimov, cadets

The military parades held in the Soviet Union were always attended by students of the Suvorov and Nakhimov schools - smart, serious teenagers beyond their years who had chosen a career as an officer.

These schools were formed in 1943 on the principle of pre-revolutionary cadet corps. They gave the opportunity to the children of those killed on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War soldiers and officers receive military training along with a certificate of secondary education, which would subsequently help them connect their lives with the army.

The Suvorov and Nakhimov schools exist in Russia today. Along with them in last years Many cadet corps have been founded in different regions of the country. The main feature of these military educational institutions is early professional orientation in the profile of a particular branch of the military.

It is up to the cadets themselves to decide whether to continue their training after graduating from the corps with the aim of obtaining an officer rank or not. The importance of this form of education, its authority and prestige are growing every year. To a large extent, this is facilitated by the long traditions of the cadet movement in Russia.

Three times “Hurray!” met by the pupils preparatory group"Rainbow" kindergarten No. 13 “Teremok” congratulations on Defender of the Fatherland Day. On the eve of the most masculine holiday, a solemn ceremony of initiating preschool children into cadets took place here.

The event started off very brightly: the white shirts and orange berets of the little cadets created a festive atmosphere. When the children began to show their skills, marching around the hall with various transitions, sometimes in one column, sometimes in two, strictly following the commands of the mentor, it was a fascinating sight.
The guests present in the hall: the head of the education department Irina Romanova, the deputy head of the department for civil and emergency situations Vladimir Antonov, the chairman of the Novocheboksarsk branch of the VDPO Elena Pavlova, the parents of the pupils froze, as if they were afraid to disturb the clear movements of the kids.
The children prepared for a whole year: they mastered the drill step, learned what each word of the oath of young cadets means, and learned to apply it in life. With every minute it became clear that this was something more than just a holiday.
When the preschool children sang the anthem of Russia from start to finish, then the anthem of Chuvashia, it became clear that patriotism was not just a word for them. Teachers and parents managed to instill in them that same attitude towards everything native, which is commonly called patriotism. After all, the defenders
Fatherland exists not only in war. We often forget that patriotism is a system of life with a special attitude towards one’s home, city, friends and older comrades.
Their senior comrades - students of the 11th grade of school No. 10. “Cadet Lyceum named after Hero” came to congratulate the young cadets on taking the oath. Soviet Union Mikhail Kuznetsov,” the guys proudly correct me.
Maxim Nikolaev, Dmitry Shuryashkin and Vitaly Yudin said that they often visit kindergartens in the city and communicate with future cadets. “We took patronage over them and therefore we will show by personal example what cadets should be,” say the high school students. “When we came for a demonstration last time, the kids really enjoyed watching how we dismantled the machine gun.” They asked to touch the weapon. Even the girls participated.”
In her speech, the head of kindergarten No. 13, Valentina Gusarova, thanked the parents for supporting the initiative of the teachers in raising true patriots of the city and country.
Deputy Head of the Department for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations Vladimir Antonov noted: “I see your eyes are burning. I wish you to grow up brave and strong. I am confident that you will become worthy rescuers and defenders of our Motherland.”
When the words of the oath were pronounced and the fanfare died down, we asked one of the young cadets, Maxim Khotenov, to tell us why this was necessary. “I want to become a true defender of our Motherland and my family. I will train hard and study well. This is the custom among cadets. And being a cadet is very responsible!” - he said.

1 part. Introduction........................page 2

Part 2. Chapter 1. How it all began............. p.3

A). Cadet movement in the 19th century................. p.4

B). In a foreign land................... p.7

B) Revival of cadet corps........ page 10

D) Cadets yesterday. ............... page 12

Chapter 2. Cadets today.............. Page. 15

Part 3. Conclusion................. . p.17

List of used literature.......... . p.18

Applications.................. . page 19

1 part

INTRODUCTION

The great commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov said: “...My true glory

I saw in serving my Fatherland"

We all have one thing in common - pain, anxiety and responsibility for the future of Russia,

the duty of every citizen to the Fatherland - the only one unique to

of a person by his homeland, given by fate, bequeathed by his ancestors.

The feeling of patriotism for every Russian is exposed at this time

serious trials. The Fatherland has changed.. The ideals of society have changed..

The past of our Motherland is being revised, it worries and frightens us with uncertainty

In these difficult times, there is an urgent need for patriotic education.

youth. In this regard, from the mid-90s, cadet schools began to be created

corps, cadet boarding schools, and in August 2001, by decree

Head of the Municipal Education Priozersky District, the Education Committee issued

order: "B high school No. 1 for the first time in the history of the Leningrad region to create

cadet class"

However, the creation of a cadet class is not the invention of anything

new, but simply a return to the roots. As a student of the cadet class, I

set itself the task of considering how the cadet movement developed

in the past, find its similarities and differences with the modern cadet movement.

The topic of my essay is very relevant. Today, more than ever, the country needs

educated, honest and courageous people, consistent in their

actions, independent thinkers, principled fighters, obsessed with their

ideas, and not in opportunists, susceptible to other people's opinions, selfish

calculation. But where can one get such lofty ideas and principles if not from

Part 2

Chapter 1. How it all began

Before we begin the story about the modern cadet movement, let's go back to

to the past. After all, it was then that cadets (from the French “junior warrior”) became

to name minor nobles in France who are determined to serve in the military.

This concept migrated to warlike Prussia, where the warrior king Frederick

The Great formed the first company of cadets in history. Almost simultaneously in Russia

similar military educational institutions arose. Peter 1, “having cut a window to Europe”,

and, borrowing a lot from there, he opened the School of Mathematical and

navigation sciences for the sons of “nobles, clerks, clerks, from the houses of boyars

and other ranks" 1.

After the death of the reformer king, the work he began to prepare young people for

the service stalled. Studying abroad also did not pay off; money was required

a lot, the students lived away from home for a long time, losing contact with their country, and

There were plenty of lazy and careless people among them. Then we thought: is it impossible?

Should I move it? Foreign experience on Russian soil?

The Russian ambassador to Prussia, Count P. I. Yaguzhinsky, studied the organization of the Berlin

cadet corps and invited Anna Ioannovna to create cadet corps. In 1731

year, Empress Anna Ioannovna instructed Field Marshal Minich to establish

“Corps of cadets, consisting of 200 noble children from 13 to 18 years old”

. This is how the first cadet corps appeared in Russia in the 18th century - Ground

Noble, Marine Noble, Artillery and Engineering Noble, Page

corps for preparing pages for court military service and their branches.

The Knight Academy was the name given to the Land Cadet Corps in the 18th century -

the only one at that time (for sailors there was the Naval Cadet Corps). From the walls

These two cadet corps produced many outstanding commanders and

naval commanders. And it’s not surprising, because the buildings at that time were the only ones

military educational institutions. Specially trusted ones were appointed as their leaders

people - military generals and admirals who have shown themselves to be good in business

training of troops. Russian monarchs exercised personal and permanent control over

activities of the cadet corps, and this is understandable - the cadet corps prepared

their pets for the officer ranks, but it is known what the officer corps is like,

So are the armed forces in the country. Therefore, the leaders of the cadet corps

the best generals and admirals were chosen.

In 1778, Empress Catherine the Great founded the first Moscow

personal decree: “To our Lieutenant General Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov

We most graciously command you to be the Chief Director of the Cadet Corps under

our own beginning"

Until 1805, the management of the corps was carried out directly through

imperial office. Only during the time of Catherine’s official I.I.

Betsky, a Council appeared that developed a development strategy for the first

corps, exercised control over officials. In subsequent times

the directors of the cadet corps relied on very approximate guidelines,

laid down in the Charter, which led to different levels of management of cadet

institutions. The entire way of life in the corps was determined by the director general, his

knowledge, experience, culture formed the basis of the entire organization of the corps,

there was no unified organizational management structure, unified requirements

to the educational process, legal regulations have not been developed

documents, etc. (unfortunately, we are still at this stage today).

At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. the main responsibilities of a cadet were formulated. Here

some of them:

The cadet is the future servant of the Fatherland and its defender from external enemies and

internal

Every cadet must be pious, truthful in everything,

obey your superiors unquestioningly, be brave and patiently endure

all the hardships that are sometimes inevitable

A cadet is obliged to strictly and accurately observe military discipline and order, each

a cadet must have a gallant and dashing appearance outside the corps.

A). Cadet movement in the 19th century

The nineteenth century has arrived. Continuous wars of conquest waged

Napoleon, led to the fact that other countries began to increase their numbers

of their troops. Under these conditions, Russia could not do otherwise. Because with

by the highest command of Emperor Alexander 1 in 1813, the 1st

Siberian Cadet Corps. And during the reign of Nicholas 1 from 1825 to 1855

eight more buildings were opened: Orenburg-Neplyuevsky, Nizhny Novgorod,

Polotsk,

Petrovsky-Poltava, Oryol, Voronezh, 2nd Moscow and Vladimir

Kyiv cadet corps.

All cadet corps were boarding schools designed for 100 -

1000 pupils and divided into companies of students of approximately the same size

age. Cadets were trained in all basic subjects. First seven years

pupils studied Russian, several foreign languages, mathematics,

physics, as well as the Law of God. Special teachers taught them to dance and

rules of conduct in a secular society. The entire course of study lasted nine years.

The last two senior classes were devoted exclusively to military training

and only after graduating from these senior classes were the cadets promoted to officers.

The network of cadet corps expanded and improved. For some time

they were replaced by military gymnasiums, but then returned to military institutions

name of the cadet corps. However, all these changes did not affect the main thing:

cadets have always been brought up on the love of God, filial devotion to Russia,

selfless love for the Fatherland, on the spiritual consciousness of family duty.

Under Alexander 2, nine more cadet corps were created throughout

the length of the Russian Empire in different areas and different conditions

lives: 3rd Moscow, Volsky, Yaroslavl, 2nd Orenburg, Pskov,

Tiflis, Nikolaev and Aleksandrovsky, Simbirsk cadet corps.

Particular attention has always been paid to organizing admission to cadet schools

establishments. It was based on competitive selection, thorough medical

examination, recruitment system for vacancies. Scope of knowledge on

various academic subjects required of those entering the cadet corps,

determined by the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions. Total in buildings to

at the end of the 19th century, about eleven thousand pupils were kept: of them

state-funded - 74.2%, fellows - 12.5%, self-funded - 10.4% and external students -

2.9%. Children of hereditary nobles were accepted into the Corps of Pages, and in the Finnish Corps

the corps included hereditary nobles - 34%, sons of personal nobles - 34%,

clergy - 4% and other classes - 28%, and in the rest of the cadet corps

– hereditary nobles – 66%, sons of personal nobles – 24%, merchants – 3%, Cossacks

– 5% and other classes – 2%. By 1917, the recruitment principle changed according to

class based, opening up the opportunity for children to enter almost their

all social groups.

Later, under Alexander 3, a staff was introduced into the staff of the cadet corps

educational officers. The personnel of the cadet corps were divided into companies

and departments. The number of students in the class was 35 people. Gradually

the corps began to turn into barracks, where the main place was occupied by combat

Preparation. From 1889 until the end of the 19th century, the curriculum included such

subjects such as the Law of God, Russian and Slavic languages, German,

mathematics, natural history, physics, cosmography, geography, history,

law, penmanship, drawing, drill, gymnastics,

fencing, dancing, daily gymnastics for 15 minutes,

in modern language – physical exercises.

Cadet corps in Russia were an incomparable special world, from

which came out strong in spirit, united among themselves, educated and

disciplined future officers, brought up in the ideas of unshakable

devotion to the Tsar and the Motherland. Throughout the entire training period, the cadets were at

full state support, wore military uniform, the basic law

there was a military manual for them.

But the cadet corps received the greatest importance and development at the beginning

last century, when in 1900, by the will of Emperor Nicholas 2, at the head

Military educational institutions of the Empire stood by Grand Duke Constantine

Konstantinovich, with the title of their Chief Chief, and from 1910 until the day

his death in 1915 - Chief Inspector. Being one of the most

cultured people of Russia at that time, a man of great humanity, and possessing

gift to attract the hearts of young people, whom he both loved and understood,

The Grand Duke opened his big heart to her and dedicated his best energies to her.

an exceptionally beautiful soul. The cadets quickly appreciated his ideas and his concerns for

them, and responded to them with such boundless love, such trust that

The Grand Duke quickly earned the title of Father of all cadets. God wanted it

protect the Grand Duke from all the tragic shocks that befell

our Motherland in the days of bad memory of the revolution and the collapse that followed it

years, in the prime of his strength, but his memory continued to live among

cadets who sacredly honor the Testaments of Konstantin Konstantinovich and everything that

associated with memories of the Grand Duke.

The main aspiration of the Grand Duke as Chief of the Military

educational institutions were destroyed in the buildings of the barracks-official spirit and

replacing it with caring, loving and purely paternal upbringing. This led to

that the relationship between cadets and officer-educators is fundamentally

changed, and the composition of these latter was replaced by a new type of teacher according to

calling, a caring and attentive guardian and leader. This new one

introduced into the education of military youth by the unforgettable Grand Duke, led

to the fact that during the revolution and during the civil war the cadet family

without hesitation she found the right path for herself and valiantly fulfilled her

duty in the ranks of the soldiers of the White Armies.

The revolution of 1917 and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks dealt a number of heavy blows

cadet corps, which the new government, not without reason, considered as

an environment hostile and alien to the new order. Everything was done from the very beginning

possible to destroy the established way of life, destroy the old orders and

turn the buildings into gymnasiums of the military department, and in the future, or their

completely destroy them, or turn them into military schools for future Reds

commanders Cadets everywhere responded to these measures with resistance. In many

corps, combat companies often together with second companies, connecting with the military

schools, took armed part in counteracting local

Bolshevik uprisings to seize power. Not only combat cadets

mouth, but also the younger 12 and 13 year old boys rushed to where

organized an armed struggle against Soviet power, and, hiding their

too young, they added years to themselves in order to achieve admission to

volunteer units. On all fronts of the civil war there remained

countless graves of cadets who gave their young lives to the cause of the fight against

violence and desecration of everything that was dear and sacred to them.

The revolution and Bolshevism led to the fact that during the period 1917-1918. died

almost all military schools and 23 cadet corps out of the 31 that existed

in Russia until March 1918. The fate of many of them was tragic and

was accompanied by the death of many cadets and cadets, as was the case in Petrograd and

Moscow, Yaroslavl, Simbirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, and many

other places where military youth took part with arms in their hands in

countering the seizure of power by local Bolsheviks.

B). In a foreign land.

These are difficult times. The old state, the Russian Empire, was

destroyed, but a new one has not yet been created.

In the areas occupied by the white armies, only a few cadet cadets remained

corps, which also included many seconded cadets

almost all corps from other regions of Russia. Remained in one form or another,

or were restored on the territory of Ukraine under the name of “military bursas”

under Hetman Skoropadsky, the Vladimir, Kiev, Sumy, Odessa and

Petrovsky-Poltavsky. The Donskoy and Vladikavkaz buildings reopened, and in

Siberia and Far East– 1st Siberian (Omsk),

Khabarovsk and Irkutsk. The collapse of the white fronts and the south of Russia at the end of 1919 and in

20s put an end to the existence of cadet corps on Russian soil,

forced the command to begin their evacuation, which was not always successful and

to the placement of rescued cadets in Yugoslavia.

Originally in Yugoslavia (at that time called the Kingdom of Serbs,

Horvatov and Sloventsev, abbreviated as “S.H.S.”) three cadet corps settled

– Russian, Crimean and Don. Chronologically the first to arrive in Sarajevo

corps, created from the remnants of the Odessa and Kyiv cadet corps,

second company of Polotsk. Through the Bosphorus and Thessaloniki, escaped by sea

Odessa, Kyiv and Polotsk cadets, together with the officers accompanying them and

teachers and their families were received in Yugoslavia. Soon they arrived there

through Varna, junior classes of the Kyiv Cadet Corps, rescued from Odessa

thanks to the courage and dedication of two fifth class cadets.

On the tenth of March 1920, by order of the Russian Military Agent, Kiev and

The Odessa groups were consolidated into one, first under the name of the Russian Consolidated

cadet corps, headed by General

Lieutenant B.V. Adamovich, former head of the Vilna Military School. And in

"Russian Cadet Corps in the Kingdom of S.H.S." The corps stayed in Sarajevo

with the Crimean Cadet Corps already located there, intended for

closing

Other cadet corps that ended up abroad suffered a different fate.

Petrovsky-Poltava Cadet Corps, which survived the same waves of struggle and

evacuated to the Vladikavkaz Cadet Corps, just rebuilt

in the old place after the defeat, but less than six months passed before the collapse at the front

and the retreat of the armies again brought the question of evacuation to the forefront. Early

in the spring of 1920, both corps marched along the Georgian Military Road

made their way to Kutaisi in Georgia, and from there, after a short time, to Batumi.

The cadets were transferred from Batumi to Crimea. Upon arrival in Crimea, both corps were

located in Orland and united into one educational institution with the name

Combined Poltava-Vladikavkaz Cadet Corps.

At the same time, in the city of Feodosia, in Crimea, during the Konstantinovsky military

school was formed as a boarding school for youth seconded from army units

by order of General Denikin, most of whom have no parents, or

not knowing about their whereabouts. The boarding school also included cadets

Sumy and other cadet corps, and the head was Prince P.P. Shakhovskoy.

During the evacuation of Crimea, boarding school

was taken out in the hold of the steamer "Kornilov", and upon arrival in Constantinople was

transported to the ship "Vladimir" and completely merged into the Crimean Cadet Corps, into

the composition of which remained in the future. Evacuation of the Crimean Cadet

In the uncertainty of being on the Bosphorus roadstead, news finally came that

Bakar Bay, on the territory of the Kingdom of S.H.S., and from there it was transported to

year, after which it was closed by decision of the State Commission. For 9 years

of its existence abroad, the Crimean Corps released from its walls

over 600 cadets with a matriculation certificate.

In addition to the corps in Yugoslavia, which were the successors and continuers of traditions

and the history of the Russian Imperial Cadet Corps, in France at Versailles,

1930, Corps-Lyceum named after Emperor Nicholas 1. Corps-Lyceum existed

from private donations. Since June 1938, the Chief of the Lyceum Corps was the Prince

Gabriel Konstantinovich, son of the late August Chief of Military Training

establishments in Russia. A number of years after the Second World War, this training

the establishment was forced to cease its independent existence.

It is also impossible to pass over in silence the fate of other cadet corps that continued

its existence in other regions of Russia. After 1917 in Siberia and

The Far East, under certain conditions, was able to exist until 1922

Omsk (1st Siberian), Khabarovsk and Irkutsk cadet corps, consisting of

of which there were many seconded cadets from European Russia, especially

from the Volga cities. In 1922 from Russian Island (Vladivostok) to

under tragic conditions, the last remnants of Omsk and

Khabarovsk buildings. The 3rd company remained in Russia and could not be taken out

Omsk Corps and most of the 2nd and 3rd companies of Khabarovsk. Their fate

remained unknown. In exceptionally difficult conditions, the cadets remained in

Shanghai until 1924, after which they were transferred to Yugoslavia, where they

were included in the Russian Cadet Corps in the city of Sarajevo.

Such is the very brief and very incomplete fate of the last imperial Russian

cadet corps. The first months of the corps' stay in Yugoslavia

were marked by a difficult struggle for existence: the corps had no

there was no property teaching aids, no linen, no clothes, food was

meager and insufficient. Many officials and private individuals began to do

gifts and monetary donations. But an absolutely exceptional place in

The history of the corps and the life of cadets in Yugoslavia was occupied by King-Knight Alexander 1.

The feeling of gratitude and devotion to the Knight-King Alexander 1 was sacredly preserved

in the hearts of the cadets, and the news of his martyrdom in 1934 was accepted

in the building as sad news about the loss of a father, protector and patron.

IN). Revival of cadet corps

With the outbreak of the Civil War in Russia, the cadet corps was closed. But also

the new Soviet army needed good training of red commanders. And with

late 30s special schools began to be created to prepare teenagers for

admission to military schools. For four years of study, the school gave

completed secondary education, were introduced to technology and the basics of its combat

applications. These special schools resembled the previous cadet corps, and the path of many

military leaders began here. Truly cadet corps

began to be revived during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.

Founded in 1943, Suvorov military schools were created according to the type of old

cadet corps and in this traditional form for Russia they existed

until 1956. Initially nine Suvorov schools, 500 people each

each, were created for children left without parents. Training period

was 7 years old, boys were accepted to the school from the age of ten. For guys with

Preparatory classes operated for eight to ten years. Useful here

centuries-proven experience of cadet corps. At first they studied in schools

mainly orphans, but later the admission procedure was revised -

children of military personnel and those guys who decided to devote their

life to military affairs. But since the 60s. the armed forces began to decline,

the size of the officer corps decreased, and schools became

disband. Now they accepted young men aged 15-16 years, and the term

training was reduced to two years.

In various areas of state, military, public activity today

Hundreds of graduates of Suvorov military schools are working successfully. Among them: minister

Foreign Affairs Igor Ivanov, Army General Konstantin Kochetov, Afghan hero

Colonel General Boris Gromov, cosmonauts Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Yuri Glazkov,

famous athlete Yuri Vlasov and many, many others.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, six Suvorov military units remained operational in Russia.

military schools, one Nakhimov naval military school and one

military-musical. In subsequent years, Suvorov's military

school in the city of Ulyanovsk and new cadet corps in St. Petersburg:

Rocket and Artillery Cadet Corps, Military Space Cadet Corps,

Cadet corps of the federal border guard in Tsarskoye Selo, Kadetsky

Corps of Railway Troops in Petrodvorets, Naval Cadet Corps in

Kronstadt. In the fall of 2002, the cadet corps of the Ministry of Internal Affairs opened.

Once again, St. Petersburg became the leading center of Russia for initial military

preparing youth for public service. Graduates of cadet corps,

as before, they are distinguished by a high level of education, as well as

purposefulness, responsibility, a sense of true camaraderie.

The traditions established within the walls of the cadet corps of Tsarist Russia are maintained

and are multiplied by modern cadets of St. Petersburg - the cadet capital and their

colleagues in other cities and regions.

Revival of cadet educational institutions in modern Russia

started in 1992. At the origins of this process were enthusiasts, officers

reserve, former Suvorovites who managed to establish contact with the cadets

foreign Russian buildings. This process is not easy, and understanding the essence

This process is far from ambiguous. But despite the difficulties, by decision

regional authorities and departments, throughout Russia by now

More than fifty cadet educational institutions have been created (see appendix, table

The first cadet corps as military educational institutions of a new type became

timidly appear first in Novocherkassk and Novosibirsk, then in Voronezh and

Moscow, St. Petersburg and Rostov-on-Don. By 2000, cadet corps had already

were recreated in Krasnodar, Kronstadt, Orenburg, Omsk, Kaliningrad and

Kemerovo. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory alone, as many as six cadet corps have been created,

cadet corps are being created in Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov the Great, Murmansk,

Tver, Orel, Volgograd and Yekaterinburg. Today only in the capital

The First, Second and Third Moscow Cadet Corps, Naval

cadet school and the Naval Navigation School, and in the near future in each

around the capital, a cadet corps will appear, and this is not counting the cadet

classes at regular secondary schools. Interest in the cadet movement

is huge, the demand in cadet corps is high. More than thirty more

regions have declared their readiness to create similar educational institutions.

Of course, cadet corps is not a panacea for all social problems, but a number

problems, and very important ones, can be solved through them.

Based on the above, it can be stated with certainty that in

At the beginning of the third millennium, a new type of educational institutions is being created in Russia,

aimed at solving the needs of society in the 21st century, that is, there is a process

development of a new system of national education. And from the right decision

The future of Russia will largely depend on this task. Absolutely

What’s new in this process is that cadet educational institutions are being created

not only under the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and other law enforcement agencies, but in

the majority are formed primarily in the system of the Ministry

Education of the Russian Federation, although previously similar educational institutions

were created only under the military departments. Therefore, this is a state matter and

selfless enthusiasts. We need a unified state policy in this

question. We need such coordinated actions of the Ministry of Education,

Ministry of Defense and other interested law enforcement agencies, ministries

and departments of Russia, so that a decision on all related to this revival

problems were addressed at the highest level. Perhaps it's time

following traditions Russian history, think about guardianship of cadets

corps from the Government of the Russian Federation and even the President -

maybe then this process will receive the attention it deserves. It's time

understand that today's cadets are tomorrow's defenders of our Fatherland,

scientists, builders, lawyers, economists, entrepreneurs, doctors and teachers.

Therefore, the issues of educating the heirs of the future Russia need to be resolved at

state level, and at the regional level. Only upon consolidation of all

healthy forces of the state and society can give children such an education and

education that will allow them to build a great Russia in the 21st century.

G). Cadets yesterday.

“You will be hard as steel and pure as gold. you will treat with

respect for the weak and you will become his defender. You will love the country, in

which he was born. You will not retreat from the enemy. You won't lie and you will stay

true to my word. You will be generous and favor everyone. You are everywhere and

Everywhere you will be a champion of justice and goodness against injustice and evil.”

This is how the Testaments of the Knights of Malta sounded, which were repeated in 1759

Russia, in St. Petersburg, young students of the Corps of Pages

– a privileged military educational institution for the sons of honored

parents. The Corps of Pages was established in the last years of the reign

Empress Elizabeth Petrovna with a special regime of training and education. But

the position of page has existed in Russia since the time of Peter 1 (since 1711), who

adopted it from the rules of palace etiquette in Western Europe.

Who were the pages and what did they do? Page is a court rank. It

assigned to young men of noble birth appointed for service

at the highest court. In the beginning these were mainly children of foreigners,

transferred to the service of the Russian Tsar. Court service for young nobles

constituted the first step in achieving the rank of knight.

However, for almost half a century, these pages had no special

education and were often blatantly ignorant. This circumstance led

government to the idea of ​​the need to create a new educational institution for Russia

institutions where pages would receive the necessary knowledge and skills of palace service.

At the behest of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the draft status of the Corps of Pages

prepared by the Swiss Baron Theodore Heinrich Schudi, who was secretary of the noble

nobleman I.I. Shuvalov. In his project, the baron first proposed a replacement

personal servants of government pages (for their equality), clear regulation of all

lives of pupils. Duties in the palace had to alternate between days

teaching various sciences: etiquette, dancing, fencing, foreign language,

geography.

Baron Schudi's proposals were largely accepted and set out in instructions,

signed by Grand Marshal Sievers.

Over time, the education system in the Corps of Pages was slightly changed: in

new subjects appeared in it, such as the Russian language, calligraphy,

mathematics, philosophy, morality, natural and folk law, jurisprudence,

military sciences and horse riding.

In 1762, Catherine 2, wanting to raise the level of education and upbringing

pages, introduces new requirements in the corps. Firstly, for admission to the corps

the highest order of enrollment was required. Secondly, they had the right to do so

only sons and grandsons of full generals from infantry, cavalry and

artillery. The concept of “page” began to include noble birth. Was

a page training plan has been drawn up. In the page corps they saw a professional

court military and civilian school, with the goal of training courtiers

officials, officers for the army and civilian ranks.

In 1785, the Corps of Pages was transformed and became part of the educational

institutions of the Russian Empire. Already at the first stage this court school gave

There are many prominent people in the state. Among them are S. R. Vorontsov, O. P.

Kozodavlev, A. P. Tormasov, D. S. Dokhturov, A. N.

Olenin, A. D. Balashev. Among the first

Knights of St. George - graduates of the corps: Prince S.A. Menshikov, I.I.

Markov, A.S. Kologrivov, I.A. Venyaminov and others. In this form the body

lasted 12 years.

With the accession of Paul 1 to the throne, reforms began, showing intentions

sovereign to transform the Corps of Pages into a military educational institution. However

these intentions remained intentions.

year, he ordered to transform the corps into a military educational institution and call it

his "Page Corps of His Imperial Majesty".

Thus, the Corps of Pages was formed in 1759 as a court

school, and in 1802 received the status of a military educational institution according to the type

cadet corps.

The Corps of Pages became a privileged military educational institution, the goal

which is to give the sons of distinguished parents a general and military education,

as well as appropriate education.

In 1810, the Corps of Pages was granted the Vorontsov Palace (Sadovaya Street,

26) is a monument of history and architecture of the 18th century, built in 1749-1757. By

project of the great F.B. Rastrelli .

For almost 160 years of the existence of the Corps of Pages, this address was

the most famous. The pages became the heirs of the Knights of Malta. In 1798-1801 V

this building housed the Chapter (administration) Order of Malta. On

the territory of the palace during the reign of Paul 1, by his order, was

two churches were built: the Maltese Chapel (Catholic Church) and the Orthodox Church

church. The emblem of the Order of Malta was a white cross. In memory of the Maltese

knights and their commandments, the Maltese cross was taken as a symbol and emblem

Corps of Pages. Each person entering the corps was given the Gospel and Testaments

Knights of Malta.

Throughout their studies, the pages were surrounded by thoughtful mentors and teachers.

Among them is General Caesar Cui, he taught a course in fortification. But there was also

famous composer, music critic, member of the “Mighty Handful”.

Teachers provided in-depth knowledge of the subjects taught and provided

breadth of views of students.

Upon completion of the corps, pages received a graduation badge - white

Maltese cross and ring, which was made of steel on the outside and on the inside

gilded with the name of its owner engraved.

In December 1902, the Corps of Pages of His Imperial Majesty solemnly

celebrated its centenary. The military educational institution was awarded a banner

with the inscription "1802-1902". Over its long history from the walls of the famous

The educational institution has graduated many outstanding persons of Russia. Among them:

Field Marshal Count A.I. Shuvalov (graduated in 1720), commander general

A.A. Brusilov (graduated in 1872), Colonel P.I. Pestel (graduated in 1811) –

leader of the Decembrists, historians N.N. Shilder (graduated in 1860) and A.N. Olenin (graduated

1766) and many others.

The year 1917 brought significant changes to the course of Russian history. 150th anniversary

the pages were celebrated outside the walls of their native building, in a foreign land.

Why did the boys go to study at the Cadet Corps of Pages? What

forced them to serve the Fatherland from an early age? The answer is simple: they loved their

They believed in the Tsar, they were ready to die for the idea at any moment.